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3This special theme issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, edited by Dr. Suzanne Haeyen and Dr. Giancarlo Dimaggio, is devoted to arts and psychomotor therapies in patients with personality disorders (PD). The issue starts with an introduction and concludes with a commentary by the guest editors. The content of the special issue consists of seven papers, each based on a clinical case coming from different modalities, countries and continents. The papers focus on therapeutic working methods from the arts, dance movement, drama, music therapies and body based/psychomotor therapy with the aim of personal development, finding an appropriate therapeutic entrance, coping with grief, post traumatic nightmares, personal integration, interpersonal functioning and making meaning of one’s own life story in words and images. The case studies cover people diagnosed with various PDs such as narcissistic, dependent and borderline PD, in mental health care and forensic settings. With these case descriptions, we offer a multicolored palette of possibilities, knowing that there is so much more to know and explore.
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Polyvagal theory advocates for working with the body, becoming aware of the body and connecting with the senses. Similarly, paying attention to and influencing one’s physical and sensory experience is a core aspect of the creative arts and psychomotor therapies. Polyvagal theory offers opportunities for strengthening resilience by treating emotion-regulation problems, stress, and trauma, as well as restoring regulation of the autonomic nervous system. Paying attention to and influencing physical and sensory experiences are core aspects of creative arts and psychomotor therapies. This theoretical paper explores how polyvagal theory can serve as a foundational theory and support the creative arts and psychomotor therapies for emotion regulation in stress and trauma.
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Background: Virtual Reality (VR) holds much promise for online offering of arts and psychomotor therapies. As these therapies use bodily experiences, expressive/artistic media, materials, movement, music, and (role) play, VR is more suitable than online/video consultations. Objectives: This study was set up to improve VR possibilities for arts and psychomotor therapies, with the primary aim of redeveloping and rebuilding a VR application.
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This book introduces schema-focused working methods for arts and body-based therapies, offering therapists practice-based tools to help their clients strengthen healthy patterns, self-management, and well-being on their path to recovery. Containing 158 schema-focused working methods for different arts and body-based therapies, such as art therapy, dance therapy, drama therapy, music therapy, and body-based or psychomotor therapy, this book offers new ideas and tools for therapists to strengthen their client’s adaptive schema modes: the Healthy Adult and the Happy Child. By linking arts and body-based therapies to schema-focused therapy and positive psychology, the goal is to strengthen the client’s healthy patterns in emotion regulation and establish a healthier well-being. The theoretical framework in the introduction and the scientific evidence for arts and psychomotor therapies, combined with the practice-based examples, allow for a text that is broad enough for graduate creative therapy programs and specific enough to serve as a shelf reference for those in practice.
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Arts and psychomotor therapies are often part of the multidisciplinary treatment for people diagnosed with Personality Disorders (PDs). Drama therapy is aimed at promoting emotion regulation and strengthening of interpersonal skills. The added value of drama therapy has not been sufficiently examined and available studies only provide indirect client reports. Hence, we focus on what people with PDs perceive as effects of drama therapy. This qualitative study followed the Grounded Theory Approach utilising indepth, semi-structured interviews in a natural drama therapy context. Interviews were held with 19 people diagnosed with PDs, who were purposefully sampled. They were recruited from five treatment centres, with five drama therapists involved. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a three-step approach: open, axial, and selective coding. Open coding resulted in 93 codes. In the coding process, four overarching themes came to the fore: allowing playfulness and its inherent benefits, connecting the inner and outer emotional world, understanding of maladaptive coping styles, and intrapersonal and interpersonal behavior change. The perceived effects as reported by people diagnosed with PDs provide information about what drama therapy means to them, in their daily lives and which aspects of the treatment were most valuable to them. This study contributes to the necessary underpinning of drama therapy.
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Personality disorders (PDs) cause much suffering. In treating patients with PDs, it is important not only to focus on reducing symptoms, but also on promoting psychological adaptability and well-being. The experiential nature of Creative Arts and Psychomotor Therapies (CAPTs) contributes to working on psychological adaptability and improving well-being, although more evidence is needed. This protocol paper describes a study to develop and evaluate a CAPTs-intervention aimed at promoting psychological adaptability and well-being in people with PDs.
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Art therapy is widely used and effective in the treatment of patients diagnosed with Personality Disorders (PDs). Current psychotherapeutic approaches may benefit from this additional therapy to improve their efficacy. But what is the patient perspective upon this therapy? This study explored perceived benefits of art therapy for patients with PDs to let the valuable perspective of patients be taken into account. Using a quantitative survey study over 3 months (N = 528), GLM repeated measures and overall hierarchical regression analyses showed that the majority of the patients reported quite a lot of benefit from art therapy (mean 3.70 on a 5-point Likert scale), primarily in emotional and social functioning. The improvements are concentrated in specific target goals of which the five highest scoring goals affected were: expression of emotions, improved (more stable/positive) self-image, making own choices/autonomy, recognition of, insight in, and changing of personal patterns of feelings, behaviors and thoughts and dealing with own limitations and/or vulnerability. Patients made it clear that they perceived these target areas as having been affected by art therapy and said so at both moments in time, with a higher score after 3 months. The extent of the perceived benefits is highly dependent for patients on factors such as a non-judgmental attitude on the part of the therapist, feeling that they are taken seriously, being given sufficient freedom of expression but at the same time being offered sufficient structure and an adequate basis. Age, gender, and diagnosis cluster did not predict the magnitude of perceived benefits. Art therapy provides equal advantages to a broad target group, and so this form of therapy can be broadly indicated. The experienced benefits and the increase over time was primarily associated with the degree to which patients perceive that they can give meaningful expression to feelings in their artwork. This provides an indication for the extent of the benefits a person can experience and can also serve as a clear guiding principle for interventions by the art therapist.
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Introduction Treatments such as eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing and (narrative) exposure therapies are commonly used in psychological trauma. In everyday practice, art therapy is also often used, although rigorous research on its efficacy is lacking. Patients seem to benefit from the indirect, non-verbal experiential approach of art therapy. This protocol paper describes a study to examine the effectiveness of a 10-week individual trauma-focused art therapy (TFAT) intervention. Methods and analysis A mixed-methods multiple-baseline single-case experimental design will be conducted with 25–30 participants with psychological trauma. Participants will be randomly assigned to a baseline period lasting 3–5 weeks, followed by the TFAT intervention (10 weeks) and follow-up (3 weeks). Quantitative measures will be completed weekly: the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Mental Health Continuum Short Form, the Resilience Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Self-expression and Emotion Regulation in Art Therapy Scale. The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 will be completed at week 1 and week 10. Qualitative instruments comprise a semistructured interview with each individual patient and therapist, and a short evaluation for the referrer. Artwork will be used to illustrate the narrative findings. Quantitative outcomes will be analysed with linear mixed models using the MultiSCED web application. Qualitative analyses will be performed using thematic analysis with ATLAS.ti. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the ethics committee of the HAN University of Applied Sciences (ECO 394.0922). All participants will sign an informed consent form and data will be treated confidentially. Findings will be published open access in peer-reviewed journals.
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Understanding and processing life experiences are essential in the treatment of personality disorders to promote personal recovery and psychological wellbeing. In this qualitative case report, drafted in co‐creation between the client, clinical psychologist, and art therapist, individual treatment consisted of two psychotherapeutic interventions, “An Empowering Story” and life‐story‐focused art therapy, in 12 parallel sessions for 24 weeks. Hilda, 68 years of age, had been diagnosed with an unspecified personality disorder and various traits of borderline personality disorder. She experienced emotional exhaustion following long‐term mental health problems rooted in a traumatic early childhood. This affected her ability to manage her emotions and social relations, resulting in the sense that her life had no meaning. Hilda was invited to reconstruct her life experiences, divided into the past, turning point, and present/future, in a written and a painted life story. This allowed for the integration of traumatic as well as positive memories, enhanced self‐compassion, and meaning making. She developed self‐reflection and integration of internal conflicts leading to a better emotional balance and self‐understanding. Art therapy emphasizes bottom‐up regulatory processes, while narrative psychology supports top‐down regulatory processes. The combined approach effectively integrated bottom‐up, experiential, sensory experiences with top‐down, cognitive emotion‐regulation processes. The results suggest that psychotherapeutic interventions involving a multi‐pronged, complementary, and thus more holistic approach can support personal recovery in personality disorders
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