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Decisions and business rules are essential Components of an organization. Combined, these components form a basis for securing the implementation of new laws, regulations and internal policies into processes, work instructions and information systems. To ensure proper implementation, business rule types must be taken into account, as the functions per type may be different. The current body of knowledge on decision and business rule management offers some insights into different types of business rules, however, these types are often presented as a secondary focus of a contribution or set in stone without proper evidence supporting these claims. This study therefore aims to explore the different business rule types utilized in the body of knowledge as well as practice. This will form a basis to determine possible overlap and inconsistencies and aid in establishing the functional differences between the defined business rule types. By applying a literature review, semi-structured interviews and secondary data analysis, we observed that the current body of knowledge shows serious diffusion with regards to business rule types, the same holds for practice. Therefore, future research should focus to research these differences in detail with the aim to harmonize the proliferation of business rule types.
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Crowdfunding is gaining popularity as a viable means to raise financial capital for good causes, cultural goods, new products, and ventures. Little empirical research has been done to understand crowdfunding and basic academic knowledge of its dynamics is still lacking. By data mining the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter.com and Facebook we collected a large dataset of crowdfunding projects and the ego networks of the entrepreneurs. We study the relation of the success of the Kickstarter project to his social network and to media activities and find a scaling law that predicts the number of clicks on the project website required for a successful project. Examining the results of the social network analysis we concluded that successful initiators on Kickstarter have more friends but a sparser network. Unsuccessful entrepreneurs on the other hand have a higher average degree suggesting a denser network. Our analyses suggest that sparse, and thus diverse networks are beneficial for the success of a project.
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General practitioners (GPs) are the cornerstone of primary healthcare in the Netherlands. As a national strategy, physician associates/assistants (PAs) and NPs were introduced to address growing healthcare demand. In this study, four representative practices were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively—two solo practices with a PA or NP and two group practices with a PA or NP. A reference group of GPs served as experts. The annual encounters per full-time GP averaged 6,839; for the NPs, 2,636; and the PAs, 4,926. Billable services were 70% to 100%, averaging 71% for NPs and 85% for PAs, and in three of the four practices, the employment of the NP or PA was cost-efficient. The qualitative data show that PAs and NPs contribute to general practice, easing the workload so that the GP has more time for complex patients. PA and NP employment was financially beneficial in 75% of cases.
MULTIFILE
In order to empower more people to become more selfreliant in society, interactive products and services should better match the skills and values of diverse user groups. In inclusive design, relevant end-user groups are involved early on and throughout the design and development process, leading to a better user experience. However, for IT businesses not operating in the academic domain, getting access to appropriate user research methods is difficult. This paper describes the design and prototype development of the Include Toolbox, in close cooperation with practitioners of small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in IT. It consists of an interactive app paired with a book. The app helps to find suitable research methods for diverse user groups such as older people, people with low literacy, and children. The book offers background information on the advantages of inclusive design, information on different user groups, and best practices shared by other companies.
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With artificial intelligence (AI) systems entering our working and leisure environments with increasing adaptation and learning capabilities, new opportunities arise for developing hybrid (human-AI) intelligence (HI) systems, comprising new ways of collaboration. However, there is not yet a structured way of specifying design solutions of collaboration for hybrid intelligence (HI) systems and there is a lack of best practices shared across application domains. We address this gap by investigating the generalization of specific design solutions into design patterns that can be shared and applied in different contexts. We present a human-centered bottom-up approach for the specification of design solutions and their abstraction into team design patterns. We apply the proposed approach for 4 concrete HI use cases and show the successful extraction of team design patterns that are generalizable, providing re-usable design components across various domains. This work advances previous research on team design patterns and designing applications of HI systems.
MULTIFILE
