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Misschien heb je het zelf van dichtbij meegemaakt of heb je er via via wel eens van gehoord. Anonieme Instagram-accounts waarop pikante foto’s of video’s van vrouwen worden gedeeld, zonder dat zij daar toestemming voor hebben gegeven. Of privé-foto’s die rondgaan in whatsapp-groepen met de boodschap dat de dame in kwestie een ‘hoer’ of ‘slet’ is. Slutshaming en exposing kan grote invloed hebben op de levens van de slachtoffers.
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In the Migrant’s Paradox, Suzanne Hall takes you on an excursion to the world of migrant shop proprietors in the urban margins of five UK cities, exposing it as a world full of controversies and contradictions.
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Aviation increasingly faces capacity challenges exposing inefficiencies and shortcomings of aviation related processes and systems. The European slot allocation system was designed in an era with little to no capacity constraints, now resulting in regulations not fitting in today’s developments.
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Global climate change (CC) affects marine mammals, such as cetaceans, by exposing them to an altered marine environment. Cetaceans are indirectly influenced by CC (e.g. through their prey, warmer environment). They are indicator species, significant to marine ecosystems and one of the most endangered vertebrate groups on this planet. Since oceanic water temperatures have increased, a noticeable shift in diversity of cetaceans present in marine hotspots is expected. In this paper, the community structure (occurrence) of cetacean species present around São Miguel Island, Portugal were investigated to contribute to the current understanding of the effects of CC on cetaceans.
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An energy harvesting device for obtaining energy from drops without needing of moving the drops along the device, in a reduced scale and combinable with other
types of harvesting devices, the energy harvesting device comprising one or more triboelectric generators comprising a bottom electrode, a friction or triboelectric element placed over the bottom electrode, and at least two top electrodes placed over the triboelectric element and defining at least one gap between them, exposing the triboelectric element to the external environment so that on contacting a drop of liquid makes an electrical connection between the top electrodes varying the capacitance of the triboelectric generators and alternatively for functioning as a power unit for a sensor or as a self-powered sensor producing an electrical signal generated by the contact of the liquid with the electrodes.
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We developed and piloted a course, called Changemakers, that supported interdisciplinary student-led action groups to identify social and environmental sustainability challenges and influence systemic change. By exposing students to dynamic and complex issues from multiple stakeholder perspectives, Changemakers aimed to empower students to find and use their voice and agency to make a difference in society. Students need knowledge and skills to navigate societal challenges, address SDGs and build confidence and creativity to change the status quo (Lozano, 2017; Raelin, 2009). Changemakers provided a playful and safe learning environment to explore societal challenges, form inclusive and sensitive judgments, and enact interventions for change. Students developed self-efficacy (Bandura, 2001) that were encouraged to be autonomous and self-directed in their learning (Morris, 2019). Through learning-by-doing, students gained a set of leadership and change management skills that can be applied to a variety of professional settings in local and global contexts.
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Wijkagenten en jongerenwerkers in de Rotterdamse wijk Delfshaven krijgen in toenemende mate te maken met meiden die slachtoffer (dreigen te) worden van ‘exposen’: het online verspreiden van seksueel getint (beeld)materiaal met het doel iemand reputatieschade toe te brengen. Om meer zicht te krijgen op deze ontwikkeling heeft de gemeente Rotterdam het lectoraat Publiek Vertrouwen in Veiligheid gevraagd onderzoek te doen naar de rollen die meiden tussen de 10-23 jaar spelen binnen het fenomeen exposen in Delfshaven. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat meiden naast slachtoffer, ook omstander en dader zijn. Meiden exposen zelf, om zo andere meiden naar beneden te halen en in een positief daglicht (bij jongens) te komen. Verder valt op dat áls meiden reageren op exposen, zij dat alleen doen richting het slachtoffer, en niet richting de dader. De schuld van het exposen wordt veelal bij het slachtoffer neergelegd. Exposen heeft verregaande consequenties voor slachtoffers. Ze krijgen te maken met seksuele intimidatie, geweld door familieleden, trekken zich terug uit het sociale verkeer uit schaamte en kunnen een negatief zelfbeeld ontwikkelen. Geconcludeerd wordt dat exposen in Delfshaven plaatsvindt binnen een complex systeem van elkaar versterkende en deels overlappende contexten; straat-, wijk- en schaamtecultuur. Daar waar sprake is van een overlap is de kans op verregaande vormen van exposen met verregaande consequenties (en dus verstrekkende schade voor meiden en hun familie) het grootst. Geadviseerd wordt een aanpak in de eerste plaats te richten op meiden die zich in deze overlap bevinden, waarbij aandacht wordt besteed aan het objectieve én het subjectieve veiligheidsprobleem dat rond exposen in Delfshaven is ontstaan.
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Air transportation has grown in an unexpected way during last decades and is expected to increase even more in the next years. Traffic growth tendencies forecast an expansion in the demand and greater aviation connectivity, but also higher workload to the different airspace users, especially for airport and services. Therefore, it is essential to employ strategies designed to use efficiently valuable corporate resource. Airport authorities around the world are investing in large capital projects, including new or improved runways, terminal expansions, and entirely new airports. However, this effort is sometimes limited due to their geographic location. In this work, two main objectives are pursued: first, to highlight the importance of the industry by exposing the current situation and future trends all over the world focusing in the Mexican industry; and second, to introduce a simulation model which can be used as a decision making tool for the upcoming demand. The analysis of the scenarios illustrates how to develop strategies to cope with the different airspace user's needs.
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There is emerging evidence that the performance of risk assessment instruments is weaker when used for clinical decision‐making than for research purposes. For instance, research has found lower agreement between evaluators when the risk assessments are conducted during routine practice. We examined the field interrater reliability of the Short‐Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version (START:AV). Clinicians in a Dutch secure youth care facility completed START:AV assessments as part of the treatment routine. Consistent with previous literature, interrater reliability of the items and total scores was lower than previously reported in non‐field studies. Nevertheless, moderate to good interrater reliability was found for final risk judgments on most adverse outcomes. Field studies provide insights into the actual performance of structured risk assessment in real‐world settings, exposing factors that affect reliability. This information is relevant for those who wish to implement structured risk assessment with a level of reliability that is defensible considering the high stakes.
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Social networks and news outlets use recommender systems to distribute information and suggest news to their users. These algorithms are an attractive solution to deal with the massive amount of content on the web [6]. However, some organisations prioritise retention and maximisation of the number of access, which can be incompatible with values like the diversity of content and transparency. In recent years critics have warned of the dangers of algorithmic curation. The term filter bubbles, coined by the internet activist Eli Pariser [1], describes the outcome of pre-selected personalisation, where users are trapped in a bubble of similar contents. Pariser warns that it is not the user but the algorithm that curates and selects interesting topics to watch or read. Still, there is disagreement about the consequences for individuals and society. Research on the existence of filter bubbles is inconclusive. Fletcher in [5], claims that the term filter bubbles is an oversimplification of a much more complex system involving cognitive processes and social and technological interactions. And most of the empirical studies indicate that algorithmic recommendations have not locked large segments of the audience into bubbles [3] [6]. We built an agent-based simulation tool to study the dynamic and complex interplay between individual choices and social and technological interaction. The model includes different recommendation algorithms and a range of cognitive filters that can simulate different social network dynamics. The cognitive filters are based on the triple-filter bubble model [2]. The tool can be used to understand under which circumstances algorithmic filtering and social network dynamics affect users' innate opinions and which interventions on recommender systems can mitigate adverse side effects like the presence of filter bubbles. The resulting tool is an open-source interactive web interface, allowing the simulation with different parameters such as users' characteristics, social networks and recommender system settings (see Fig. 1). The ABM model, implemented in Python Mesa [4], allows users to visualise, compare and analyse the consequence of combining various factors. Experiment results are similar to the ones published in the Triple Filter Bubble paper [2]. The novelty is the option to use a real collaborative-filter recommendation system and a new metric to measure the distance between users' innate and final opinions. We observed that slight modifications in the recommendation system, exposing items within the boundaries of users' latitude of acceptance, could increase content diversity.
References
1. Pariser, E.: The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you. Penguin, New York, NY (2011)
2. Geschke, D., Lorenz, J., Holtz, P.: The triple-filter bubble: Using agent-based modelling to test a meta-theoretical framework for the emergence of filter bubbles and echo chambers. British Journal of Social Psychology (2019), 58, 129–149
3. Möller, J., Trilling, D., Helberger, N. , and van Es, B.: Do Not Blame It on the Algorithm: An Empirical Assessment of Multiple Recommender Systems and Their Impact on Content Diversity. Information, Communication and Society 21, no. 7 (2018): 959–77
4. Mesa: Agent-based modeling in Python, https://mesa.readthedocs.io/. Last accessed 2 Sep 2022
5. Fletcher, R.: The truth behind filter bubbles: Bursting some myths. Digital News Report - Reuters Institute (2020). https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/truth-behind-filter-bubblesbursting-some-myths. Last accessed 2 Sep 2022
6. Haim, M., Graefe, A, Brosius, H: Burst of the Filter Bubble?: Effects of Personalization on the Diversity of Google News. Digital Journalism 6, no. 3 (2018): 330–43.
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