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Abstract This paper applies and discusses the principles of Axiomatic Design for changing IT architecture in health care. It presents three case studies positioned in the field of Enterprise architecture that explore how IT architects, as professionals, manage change and re-design the structure of the IT systems in line with strategic goals. The research approach was to use a light modelling tool, Ampersand, for modelling the Enterprise architecture. Two types of models stand out: Type 1 Strategic IT models in which higher strategic goals are related to requirements for applications and Type 2 Technical management of systems models in which technical risks and risk of system failure in the current IT infrastructure were modelled. To bridge the views of different IT experts in the organization this work uses the customer domain, the functional domain and the physical domain from Axiomatic Design in an extended example in the paper. The V Model is used to bridge the models, and then it is extended with Axiomatic Design principles. Example of model of type 1 Strategic IT Example of model of type 1 Strategic IT … . Context in different case studies. . Context in different case studies. … V Model for overview of IT Architecture. V Model for overview of IT Architecture. … Figures - uploaded by René Ronald BakkerAuthor content Content may be subject to copyright.
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This paper applies and discusses the principles of Axiomatic Design for changing IT architecture in health care. It presents three case studies positioned in the field of Enterprise architecture that explore how IT architects, as professionals, manage change and re-design the structure of the IT systems in line with strategic goals. The research approach was to use a light modelling tool, Ampersand, for modelling the Enterprise architecture. Two types of models stand out: Type 1 Strategic IT models in which higher strategic goals are related to requirements for applications and Type 2 Technical management of systems models in which technical risks and risk of system failure in the current IT infrastructure were modelled. To bridge the views of different IT experts in the organization this work uses the customer domain, the functional domain and the physical domain from Axiomatic Design in an extended example in the paper. The V Model is used to bridge the models, and then it is extended with Axiomatic Design principles.
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In safety science and practice, there have been various safety models, each of them reflecting a particular approach to safety management and accident causality. The large variety of models suggested in literature and applied in practice serve the communication of diverse perspectives towards safety and the need to consider contextual factors, but it does not allow the establishment of a common language within and across organisations and industry sectors. Considering the potential benefits of talking a lingua franca when it comes to safety and inspired by the Standard Model used in particle physics and recent suggestions from relevant studies, we thought of exploring the possibility to introduce a Standard Safety Model (STASAM). As a first step, we focused on four representative safety and accident models widely used, discussed and debated: the Swiss Cheese Model, AcciMap, Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) and Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP). We reviewed literature which compares the particular models, and we listed the strengths and weaknesses of each as a means to set the grounds for the STASAM. The combinations of these models with a focus to host their advantages and avoiding their disadvantages led to a three-level STASAM. The concept STASAM was used in two random incident investigation reports to assess its applicability and visualisation against the original models. The results of the application along with the STASAM concept were reviewed by three safety professionals and three safety researchers. The comments received were in the positive direction and indicated the potential of establishing an inclusive and commonly accepted safety/accident model. The next research phase will be the additional review of the STASAM and its pilot application to a variety of safety events and systems as a means to test its reliability and strengthen its validity.
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Systems Engineering (SE) is a methodical approach to the development of New (high-tech) products. In 2012 a group of Dutch universities of applied Sciences and companies started a so-called RAAK MBK project to make the Tools of SE more accessible for SME’s. At the same time these tools can be used for multidisciplinary students projects.
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A review has been completed for a verification and validation (V&V) of the (Excel) BioGas simulator or EBS model. The EBS model calculates the environmental impact of biogas production pathways using Material and Energy Flow Analysis, time dependent dynamics, geographic information, and Life Cycle analysis. Within this article a V&V method is researched, selected and applied to validate the EBS model. Through the use of the method described within this article: mistakes in the model are resolved, the strengths and weaknesses of the model are found, and the concept of the model is tested and strengthened. The validation process does not only improve the model but also helps the modelers in widening their focus and scope. This article can, therefore, also be used in the validation process of similar models. The main result from the V&V process indicates that the EBS model is valid; however, it should be considered as an expert model and should only be used by expert users.
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Validity and Reproducibility of a New Treadmill Protocol: The Fitkids Treadmill Test. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 47, No. 10, pp. 2241–2247, 2015. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the validity and reproducibility of a new treadmill protocol in healthy children and adolescents: the Fitkids Treadmill Test (FTT). Methods: Sixty-eight healthy children and adolescents (6–18 yr) were randomly divided into a validity group (14 boys and 20 girls; mean T SD age, 12.9 T 3.6 yr) that performed the FTT and Bruce protocol, both with respiratory gas analysis within 2 wk, and a reproducibility group (19 boys and 15 girls; mean T SD age, 13.5 T 3.5 yr) that performed the FTT twice within 2 wk. A subgroup of 21 participants within the reproducibility group performed both FTT with respiratory gas analysis. Time to exhaustion (TTE) was the main outcome of the FTT. Results: V˙ O2peak measured during the FTT showed excellent correlation with V˙ O2peak measured during the Bruce protocol (r = 0.90; P G 0.01). Backward multiple regression analysis provided the following prediction equations for V˙ O2peak (LIminj1) for boys and girls, respectively: V˙ O2peak FTT ¼ j0:748 þ ð0:117 TTEFTTÞ þ ð0:032 bodymassÞ þ 0:263, and V˙ O2peak FTT ¼ j0:748 þ ð0:117 TTEFTTÞ þ ð0:032 bodymassÞ [R2 ¼ 0:935; SEE ¼ 0:256LI min j1]. Cross-validation of the regression model showed an R2 value of 0.76. Reliability statistics for the FTT showed an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.985 (95% confidence interval, 0.971–0.993; P G 0.001) for TTE. Bland–Altman analysis showed a mean bias of j0.07 min, with limits of agreement between +1.30 and j1.43 min. Conclusions: Results suggest that the FTT is a useful treadmill protocol with good validity and reproducibility in healthy children and adolescents. Exercise performance on the FTT and body mass can be used to adequately predict V˙ O2peak when respiratory gas analysis is not available.
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Modern manufacturing has to deal with global competition, in which customers have high purchasing power. Production efficiency and rapid response to customer demand are dominant conditions for enterprises to stay successful. Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems (RMSs) are designed to have a modular architecture in both mechanical design and control system. The architecture enables change of the machine structure quickly, by adding and removing parts of the system, and by changing the corresponding software programming. It can handle short times to market. This paper presents an ‘Index-Method’ to monitor the reconfiguration of RMS. The method is able to categorise the reconfiguration and related development in seven stages. It focusses specifically on the Independence Axiom. The main goal is to find all relevant parameters to cause interactions, and to decouple them. The solution, aiming to be scientifically vigorous and practically applicable, was applied to a true case; the development of a manufacturing system for an inkjet print head for industrial applications. The realisation of the system required the development of new process technology. The index-method may be considered successful. It has the ability to structure the configuration process of RMSs. The method harmonises well with the industry known V-model.
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Het TEACCH-curriculum (Mesibov, Shea, & Schopler, 2004) beschrijft autisme als een andere cultuur, zoals het de manier bepaalt waarop mensen denken, voelen en zich gedragen. In dit onderzoek heb ik dit vertaald naar ‘de wereld van autisme’. Mensen met autisme hebben ‘vertaling’ nodig om te kunnen begrijpen en begrepen te worden. Ik heb het model van de ijsberg (MCClelland) gebruikt om aan te geven dat ‘niets is wat het lijkt’. Aan het gedrag wat je ziet (de top van de ijsberg) liggen vele oorzaken ten grondslag (onder de waterspiegel). Om een leerling met autisme te kunnen ‘verstaan’, en een aansluiting te kunnen maken waar hij nodig is, moet je onder de waterspiegel kijken. Om professionals in de praktijk op het STIP VSO Utrecht deze vertaling te bieden, ben ik op zoek gegaan naar antwoord op de volgende vraag: Op welke manier kunnen de unieke behoeften, beperkingen en kwaliteiten van elke leerling met autisme en een verstandelijke beperking op het STIP VSO overzichtelijk in beeld gebracht worden, zodat deze informatie toegankelijk is voor de professionals die met deze leerlingen werken? Eén van de uitkomsten van dit onderzoek is de ontwikkeling van een pASSpoort. In de keuze voor relevante aspecten, invulling en vormgeving van dit pASSPoort heb ik, gesteund door een stevig theoretisch kader, praktijkonderzoek gedaan op vier scholen voor (V)SO-ZMLK. Op het STIP VSO Utrecht heb ik het kernteam, de leerkrachten en diverse onderwijsprofessionals, waaronder een aantal ouders van leerlingen met ASS en VB, bevraagd. Het (h)erkennen van de andere wereld, het andere (be)leven, van een leerling met ASS en VB, ondersteund door dit pASSpoort, zal veel over (of onder-)vraging, en hierdoor stress, voorkomen.
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Objective: Gaining too much or too little weight in pregnancy (according to Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines) negatively affects both mother and child, but many women find it difficult to manage their gestational weight gain (GWG). Here we describe the use of the intervention mapping protocol to design ‘Come On!’, an intervention to promote adequate GWG among healthy pregnant women. Design: We used the six steps of intervention mapping: (i) needs assessment; (ii) formulation of change objectives; (iii) selection of theory-based methods and practical strategies; (iv) development of the intervention programme; (v) development of an adoption and implementation plan; and (vi) development of an evaluation plan. A consortium of users and related professionals guided the process of development. Results: As a result of the needs assessment, two goals for the intervention were formulated: (i) helping healthy pregnant women to stay within the IOM guidelines for GWG; and (ii) getting midwives to adequately support the efforts of healthy pregnant women to gain weight within the IOM guidelines. To reach these goals, change objectives and determinants influencing the change objectives were formulated. Theories used were the Transtheoretical Model, Social Cognitive Theory and the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Practical strategies to use the theories were the foundation for the development of ‘Come On!’, a comprehensive programme that included a tailored Internet programme for pregnant women, training for midwives, an information card for midwives, and a scheduled discussion between the midwife and the pregnant woman during pregnancy. The programme was pre-tested and evaluated in an effect study.
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Data analysis and data sharing is becoming increasingly important for creating value in the food supply chain. Readily available data is often already shared between supply chain parties, but to achieve additional benefits these parties will have to invest in additional data capturing. Especially product identity-claims, such as sustainable, equitable, or traceable from farm to fork, require transparency of all parties participating in a supply chain and necessitate investments that unlock the required data. This poses problems in supply chains where power is distributed. Typically, supply chains benefitting from the opportunities of data sharing have a higher degree of vertical integration, in which the power of a purchasing party forces suppliers to invest in data capture and exchange. Such investments are not always a possibility: food supply chains can have a dynamic set of participants, meaning that part of the supplier-purchaser relations is discontinuous or even ad-hoc, making investments in chain-specific data infrastructure unattractive for the chain parties involved. Cross-chain data platforms could contribute to solve such problems, although such initiatives have also generally been pushed by dominant supply chain parties. This limits the scope of application of such platforms. In this research, we discuss the feasibility of cross-chain platforms based on case studies with seafood, fresh fruit, fruit juice and processed potato supply chains in the Netherlands. Five dimensions appear to determine the fit with a cross-chain data platform: (i) shared interest in supply chain performance and data sharing, (ii) parallel chains and dynamic chain composition, (iii) alignment in incentives for data collection, (iv) degree of digitisation, and (v) revenue model for data sharing and collaboration.
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