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White paper: Circular tourism and support from local authorities The white paper proposes six strategic steps for local authorities to enable the tourism sector transition to a circular economy in coastal destinations. The steps draw from the experience of the EU 2 Seas FACET project as well as relevant examples from other destinations. The six steps: 1: Develop a local integrated vision and strategy for a circular economy 2: Support the creation of a regulatory conducive environment for a circular economy 3: Facilitate the creation of transition communities for a circular economy 4: Engage pro-actively and provide technical support for a circular economy 5: Enhance circular economy adoption through financing 6: Celebrate and demonstrate success The six steps help integrate a common circular economy vision and targets at the local level through the participation of stakeholders. Moreover, they guide the facilitation of a conducive regulatory environment, a detailed understanding of the local barriers to a circular economy and the design of a transition framework within which tourism entrepreneurs are supported from the technical, financial, and social perspectives. The six steps also show how the local authorities – through actively liaising with financial institutions – can alleviate the financial barriers faced by tourism businesses when seeking to adopt circular solutions. Finally, the steps highlight the importance of celebrating successes to allow businesses to inspire other businesses through communication mechanisms that enhance not only the circular solutions that have been implemented but also the short and long-term benefits for the entrepreneurs involved. These successes can feedback to enhance the local environment and infrastructure to further accelerate the adoption and diffusion of innovative circular economy practices, as well as, over the longer term, embolden circular economy visions and targets in other local areas and destinations.
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Climate change is expected to have a large impact on coastal cities all around the world. Due to the expected sea level rise for coastal regions new flood defense policies are developed, with emphasis on risk assessment and a multifunctional approach to strengthening existing coastal defenses. Most climate adaptation programs in cities focus on technical measures with little international knowledge exchange of the best management practices and governance. In this article the best management practices of two coastal cities both named ‘Bergen’ is discussed.
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Globally, coastal areas can be seen as the most popular tourist-recreational destinations. Consequently, these destinations generate major visitor flows. Furthermore, they are interpreted differently by every visitor, for example depending on lifestyles and age. These two problems, or maybe chances, are the central focus in this article. More specifically, this conceptual paper examines what the typical coastal experience consists of and in which ways the producers of the tourist-recreational coastal product can anticipate this. After explaining the principles of visitor management, as defined by Ennen, a theoretical framework is presented that tries to capture the total coastal experience. Then, two existing coastal areas are projected onto this framework. Finally, some conclusions are drawn.
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Digitalization is gaining increasing attention in Higher Education (HE). The integration
of digital tools into instructional settings is particularly challenging, However, it offers many
opportunities to improve the learning process of students, especially in interdisciplinary teaching
scenarios such as teaching sustainable usage of space and resources i.e. for the coastal zones and the
marine areas. Worldwide, Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) and Integrated Coastal Zone Management
(ICZM) are much needed approaches to manage and organize the increasing use of the sea and
coastal areas. Both are complex fields that are attracting more and more attention in interdisciplinary
HE. Correspondingly designed, the module ‘Planning and Management of Coastal Zones and Sea
Basins’ at the University of Oldenburg, Germany, provides a case for integrating digital tools into
HE. In 2020, the digital serious game ‘MSP Challenge´ was used in an online learning format. This
interactive and collaborative tool supports informed decision making based on real and simulated
data, comparable to business (decision) processes based on environmental information systems
(EIS). Therefore, the MSP Challenge game fosters not only the understanding of the complex topic
but additionally methodological skills which can be transferred to the usage EIS. While playing,
students become able to (1) evaluate and simulate impacts of uses on coastal and marine
environments, (2) describe the main interactions in ecosystems, (3) conceptualize information for
sectoral or integrated MSP and (4) reflect on the role and use of data. In the presented case master
students studying “Water and Coastal Management” participated in the module. Moreover, the
digital serious game and the interdisciplinary topics of MSP and ICZM provides additional
opportunities to explore subtopics (e.g. IT-related) from other disciplinary perspectives.
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Sand nourishments are crucial to counteract coastal erosion and preserve a variety of coastal functions, including beach recreation and tourism. In the coming decades, an increase in the scale of sand nourishment operations is needed to adapt to sea level rise. This could induce changes to the current configuration and management of the coastal landscape, and thereby impact the recreational quality of the coast. Yet, the nature and extent of these impacts remain poorly understood. In this study, we carry out a discrete choice experiment in two case study locations in the Netherlands to examine beach user perspectives on the upscaling of sand nourishment activity in response to sea level rise. We focus on potential implications in terms of beach width, coastal biodiversity, beach access restrictions and nourishment costs. Results show that beach users have a clear preference for the current beach width or an increase of about 100 m, whereas they are strongly opposed to a reduction in beach width of 100 m. In addition, beach users have a clear preference for high rather than low biodiversity around the coast, while the importance attached to beach access conditions and an increase in nourishment costs was notably lower. To preserve the recreational assets of coastal areas, it will be important to pay special attention to biodiversity and beach width related aspects in the design and implementation of a climate-adaptive sand nourishment strategy.
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Managed realignment is the landward relocation of flood infrastructure to re-establish tidal exchange on formerly reclaimed land. Managed realignment can be seen as a nature-based flood defence system that combines flood protection by the realigned dike (artificial) and restored saltmarshes (nature-based). So far, research on coastal managed realignment is primarily directed to saltmarsh restoration on formerly reclaimed land. This study focuses on the realigned dikes. The aim of this research is to characterize realigned dikes and to indicate the characteristics that offer opportunities for nature-based flood protection. We categorized 90 European coastal managed realignment projects into two realigned dike groups: (1) Newly built landward dikes and (2) Existing landward dikes of former multiple dike systems. The second group has two subcategories: (2a) Former hinterland dikes and (2b) Realignments within summer polders. For each group we present the realigned dike characteristics of a representative case study. We consider that the use of existing landward dikes or local construction material make realignment more sustainable. From a nature-based flood protection perspective, the presence of an artificial dike is ambiguous. Our results show that targeted and expected saltmarsh restoration at managed realignment does not necessarily result in a greener realigned dike design that suits for combined flood protection with restored saltmarshes. We recommend coastal managers to explicitly take combined flood protection into account in the realigned dike design and steer the topography of the realignment site to facilitate nature-based flood protection and promote surface elevation increase seaward of the realigned dike in response to sea level rise. This makes managed realignment a nature-based flood defence zone for now and for the future.
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Bergen city centre is prone to both subsidence and flooding. With a predicted increase in precipitation due to climate change, a higher proportion of rainfall becomes surface runoff, which results in increased peak flood discharges. In addition, it has been predicted that sea-level rise and increasing storm surges will result in coastal flooding. In this study, the dual hazards of flooding and subsidence are analysed to exemplify possible risk assessment maps for areas most prone to the combination of both. Risk assessment maps are a support tool to identify areas where mitigation of subsidence and adaptation for surface water management will be most efficient and measures can be implemented. The results show that dual hazard assessment, like that described in this paper, can be a useful tool for decision-makers when prioritizing areas to implement measures such as Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems.
MULTIFILE
Coastal realignment is the procedure of repositioning or removing coastal defense structures to restore tidal flooding and facilitate the development of intertidal ecosystems in a previously reclaimed area from the sea. A key policy objective of coastal realignment is to increase ecosystem services provided by intertidal ecosystems and thereby contribute to human well-being. However, the social response to coastal realignment is often negative, raising the question as to what extent communities living nearby project locations recognize, value and benefit from the goods and services provided by restored intertidal ecosystems. In this study, we examine public perceptions of ecosystem services gains, losses and trade-offs associated with coastal realignment. We hereby focus on three coastal realignment case study locations in the Southwest delta, the Netherlands. Questionnaires were administered in nearby villages and the collected data (N = 261) were analyzed using random forest regression models. A notable outcome of this study is that local communities often consider coastal realignment interventions to decrease rather than increase the availability of ecosystem services. This points to a discrepancy between how coastal realignment is viewed from a policy perspective and a local community perspective. Changes in the availability of cultural ecosystem services were found to have the highest impact on the level of support for coastal realignment, while the importance attached to provisioning, regulating and supporting ecosystem services was notably lower. In consequence, to increase public support, it will be essential to minimize the loss of cultural ecosystem services, or better yet, find ways to increase cultural ecosystem services through coastal realignment, for instance by creating opportunities for recreation and tourism.
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Kring of Coastal Engineers workshop, Rotterdam 25 September 2022
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Gastcollege, De Haagse Hogeschool 6 okt 2023 1. Inleiding Nature-based solutions. NBS is een concept dat naar voren is gekomen als een goed alternatief voor of aanvulling op traditionele grijze technische oplossingen. NBS maken gebruik van natuurlijke processen en ecosysteemdiensten voor functionele doeleinden, zoals het verminderen van overstromingsrisico's of het verbeteren van de waterkwaliteit. 2. Inleiding MANABAS Coast Het doel van Manabas Coast is om de implementatie van NBS 'business as usual' te maken. HIervoor gaan de 14 partners van 6 landen lessen afleiden, verspreiden en verankeren binnen 13 NBS-pilotprojecten in de Noordzee-regio.
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