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This paper discusses two studies - the one in a business context, the other in a university context - carried out with expert educational designers. The studies aimed to determine the priorities experts claim to employ when designing competence-based learning environments. Designers in both contexts agree almost completely on principles they feel are important. Both groups emphasized that one should start a design enterprise from the needs of the learners, instead of the content structure of the learning domain. However, unlike business designers, university designers find it extremely important to consider alternative solutions during the whole design process. University designers also say that they focus more on project plan and desired characteristics of the instructional blueprint whereas business designers report being more client-oriented, stressing the importance of "buying in" the client early in the process.
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In dit proefschrift worden de effecten van de factoren domeinspecificiteit van de leercontext (hoofdstuk 2), feedback (hoofdstuk 3) en de generatieve verwerkingsstrategie teaching on video (hoofdstuk 4 en 5), op de vermindering van de confirmation bias onderzocht in een sequentie van instructie en oefening. De instructie bestond uit een uitleg over wat de confirmation bias is, waarom het belangrijk is om deze te leren verminderen en een uitleg over de denkstrategie consider the opposite. Oefening vond plaats aan de hand van taken die veelvuldig gebruikt worden om de confirmation bias te meten (Jonas et al., 2001; Wason, 1968). Het gaat om taken waarin het testen van een hypothese centraal staat gebaseerd op de studie van Jonas et al. (2001) en selectietaken met vier kaarten (Wason, 1968).
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There is a need for effective methods to teach critical thinking (CT). One instructional method that seems promising is comparing correct and erroneous worked examples (i.e., contrasting examples). The aim of the present study, therefore, was to investigate the effect of contrasting examples on learning and transfer of CT-skills, focusing on avoiding biased reasoning. Students (N = 170) received instructions on CT and avoiding biases in reasoning tasks, followed by: (1) contrasting examples, (2) correct examples, (3) erroneous examples, or (4) practice problems. Performance was measured on a pretest, immediate posttest, 3-week delayed posttest, and 9-month delayed posttest. Our results revealed that participants’ reasoning task performance improved from pretest to immediate posttest, and even further after a delay (i.e., they learned to avoid biased reasoning). Surprisingly, there were no differences in learning gains or transfer performance between the four conditions. Our findings raise questions about the preconditions of contrasting examples effects. Moreover, how transfer of CT-skills can be fostered remains an important issue for future research.
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Open-mindedness is defined as one’s willingness and ability to consider opposing beliefs and perspectives and give them a serious, impartial consideration by setting aside one’s commitment towards one’s own beliefs and perspectives. Learning to prepare and teach open-minded lessons is a crucial skill for student teachers because it fosters an atmosphere in which pupils feel free to express their own views and to learn about the views of others. The aim of this experiment was to examine which instructional strategy best supports student teachers’ learning to prepare an open-minded citizenship education lesson. Therefore, participants (n = 176) processed an instruction on how to prepare an open-minded citizenship education lesson through learning by teaching on video, preparing to teach, or re-study (control condition), and as a post-test designed a lesson plan. We examined the completeness and accuracy of the explanations of the instructional content, feelings of social presence and arousal, open-mindedness levels, the completeness and accuracy of the lesson plans, and the conceptual knowledge of the instructional content. In addition, the lesson plans were graded on overall quality. Results showed that all participants scored higher on open-mindedness as measured with the Actively Open-minded Thinking scale after the experiment than before the experiment. Participants in the control condition prepared significantly more accurate and complete open-minded lessons than participants in the other two conditions, suggesting they have gained better understanding of the instructional content. There were no significant differences between the conditions on the other outcome measures.
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This quasi-experimental study examines the effect of short instruction videos on students’ business statistics learning. Two hundred and thirty-one Dutch students attended 6-week online seminars on Business Statistics. One hundred and nineteen students were in an experimental group, and 112 in a control group. Students in the experimental group watched short instructional videos and studied online quizzes at their own pace. In the control group, students followed teachers’ instructions throughout the seminars. It was found students watching short videos significantly outperformed those following teachers’ virtual instruction. Short videos were especially useful for those who were good at math. The research sheds light on the design of hybrid learning, particularly for business statistics education at the university level.
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Integrated science-and-literacy programs have proven to positively affect both language proficiency and science knowledge. Because making connections is important in both text comprehension and understanding the disciplinary core ideas taught in science, it seems worthwhile to explore the potential of integrating text structure instruction in science education. Therefore, we conducted a design-based research (DBR) in collaboration with teachers in the upper levels of primary education in the Netherlands. A set of four design principles directed both the design process and the analysis of this process. Research questions were aimed at the viability of these principles and at gaining knowledge about the application of DBR within the field of an integrated science curriculum. The study demonstrates the potential of DBR as a vehicle for translating research outcomes into educational practice. The four design principles eventually resulted in materials that worked well in grades 4–6. Still, since several designprinciples were new to the teachers, the design task was a challenge to the teachers and required support by the researchers. Especially the selection of suitable texts proved difficult. The study yields insights and recommendations for future DBR studies in the field of science-and-literacy integrated education. Given the abundance of cross-cutting concepts that can be tied to specific text structures, there is ample room for the development of integrated materials.
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This publication was developed as a learning resource for the C3 Design Methodology course, which forms part of the curriculum of the Amsterdam Academy of Architecture. This reader is a product of our series on Design Methodology and it presents six essays on design processes written by Dutch professionals, with a particular focus on their personal design process. We are giving the floor to a number of our respected teachers and professionals in this reader and hope that this can also ignite a discussion within other design schools. With contributions by Jo Barnett, Tom Frantzen, Jan-Richard Kikkert, Frits Palmboom, Paul Roncken and Jan Peter Wingender
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Intreerede In verkorte vorm uitgesproken bij aanvaarding van de positie van lector Design-Based Education aan NHL Stenden Hogeschool op donderdag 14 april 2022.
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Problem-solving tasks form an important part of (higher education) curricula, especially in STEM-domains. For learners with little or no prior knowledge (novices), an effective way to learn new problem-solving tasks is by studying examples. These can be written out step-by-step solution procedures of a problem or teachers’ demonstrations of how to solve a problem. Nowadays, video examples are increasingly common. Moreover, students increasingly acquire problem-solving skills via computer-based learning environments in which examples and practice problems are presented. However, it is an open question how examples and practice problems can be best sequenced to foster novices’ motivation and learning outcomes. Moreover, relatively little is known about how (well) novices can self-regulate their learning with examples and practice problems. Both questions were addressed in this dissertation. Results showed that studying examples or alternating examples and practice problems, resulted in higher learning outcomes attained with less effort investment and more confidence in one's abilities than solving practice problems only. Moreover, starting with an example prior to practice problem solving resulted in more confidence in one's abilities and less effort investment than the other way around. When novices could select examples and practice problems themselves, they made choices that corresponded quite well with principles for effective sequencing known from instructional design research. Perhaps for that reason, instructing students on effective instructional design principles did not increase self-regulated learning outcomes. However, caution is needed when implementing self-regulated learning: even after instruction on effective principles, there still was room for improvement in students' task selections.
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Design education has a nuanced relationship with examples. Although they are considered useful teaching tools, their use is often restricted to illustrating the design theories and principles around which the curriculum is structured. In contrast, professional designers view examples as autonomous entities and use them to initiate a critical dialogue with their current problem space. Therefore, students should be facilitated in cultivating their own repertoire of solutions and learn to initiate conversations between existing solutions and design challenges to gain a better understanding of the problem space and generate new designs. This paper outlines a small-scale experiment conducted with master's students in Applied Data Science at Utrecht University who took a course on designing recommender system interfaces. The students were provided with a set of examples of recommender interface designs as their main instructional tool. They could use this set to curate their own solution repertoire. As a result, the majority of the participants' work displayed more diverse designs, and they used design patterns distilled from those examples generatively, developing innovative designs. Based on this case study, we tentatively conclude that a design curriculum built around examples, complemented by theories, could be advantageous, as long as special attention is given to helping students initiate fruitful iterations between their challenges and a set of solutions.
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