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3Many rivers in Indonesia had very poor water clarity due to a mixture of dirt and mud in the water. Polluted rivers were often found in areas near settlements, where household waste that flowing into rivers made the water look dirty and turbid. Pollutants dissolved in water will bind to small particles and settle at the bottom of the river, due to sedimentation. This research designed a device to detect sediment volume in the rivers. This device used an ultrasonic sensor type DYP-L04 and a rotary encoder for calculating volume, with Arduino Mega 2560 R3 as a processor. There is a PG45 motor that was used to set the motor speed to be constant. This ultrasonic sensor works based on the Arduino programming algorithm that has been designed, so that the device can measure sediment volume optimally. The results of this research showed that the device could determine the volume of sediment with the average error score less than 10%.
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The research presented in this thesis has highlighted (bio)geochemical, hydrological, and wetland ecological processes that interact and enhance ecosystem development on wetlands built on fine sediment. A combination of greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted. Some measured data from these experiments formed important input for subsequent analysis in a modeling environment. The findings presented in Chapters 2-6 can be divided into four topics: 1) Plant–soil interactions in the terrestrial zone, 2) wetland–terrestrial processes influencing nutrient availability in the land–water zone, 3) effects of plants on sediment consolidation in the terrestrial zone, and 4) effects of bioturbation on nutrient availability in the aquatic zone. The next sections give a summary of the results for these four topics. The last section summarizes the recommendations formulated for the Marker Wadden project.
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Aggregation into groups may affect performance of individuals through the balance and strength of facilitative versus competitive interactions. We studied in situ how seasonal variation in abiotic environment affects this balance for blue mussels, a semi-sessile species. We hypothesize that seasonal variation in stresses and resources affects the strength of the interaction. We expected that, in benign conditions (here: high food availability, medium temperatures, low hydrodynamic stress), performance is dominated by growth and is better at low densities, while at adverse conditions (here: low food availability, low or high temperatures, high hydrodynamic stress), performance is dominated by survival and higher at high densities. Mussels were kept in shallow subtidal exclosures at 10 different densities for a one-month period. This exact procedure was repeated seven times at the same location within a one-year period. We measured development in mussel patch shape, performance, and environmental parameters. Environmental conditions for mussels were most benign in summer and most adverse in winter. Patches developed into less complex shapes at lower densities, but also after stronger hydrodynamic disturbances. Towards summer, mussels became more active, aggregation behavior increased, and interactions became more pronounced. Towards winter, mussels became less active: aggregation behavior and growth rates declined and at the lowest temperatures survival started to decrease with mussel density. Survival and growth (by proxy of mussel condition) were both density-dependent; however, contrary to our expectations we found positive interactions between density and survival at the most benign conditions in summer and negative interactions at the most adverse conditions in winter. In between the two seasons, the strength of the interactions increased towards summer and decreased towards winter following a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern might be explained by the environmental mediated aggregation behavior of the mussels. The obvious seasonal pattern in balance and strength of density-dependent interactions demonstrates that strength and direction of intra-specific interactions are both strongly affected by environmental context.
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Storm sewers are known to significantly contribute to annual pollutant loads to receiving water bodies. The storm sewers of the city of Almere discharge the stormwater of 1384 ha of impervious area via 700 storm sewer outfalls (SSOs) to the local receiving water system. This water system suffers from eutrophication and long term build-up of pollutant levels in the sediment bed. In order to be able to select the most effective stormwater management strategy, the municipality of Almere and Water Authority Zuiderzeeland have launched a 2 year extensive monitoring project to measure the storm
water quality and the potential impact of source control and end of pipe measures to decrease the emission via SSOs. Source control measures, such as removal of illicit connections and increasing the cleaning frequency of gully pots showed to be most effective. The potential impact of end of pipe
solutions based on settling showed to be very limited due to the low settleability of solids in the storm water of Almere at the SSOs.
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Floating wetland treatment systems (FWTS) are an innovative stormwater treatment technology currently being trialled on a larger scale in Australia. FWTS provide support for selected plant species to remove pollutants from stormwater discharged into a water body. The plant roots provide large surface areas for biofilm growth, which serves to trap suspended particles and enable the biological uptake of nutrients by the plants. As FWTS can be installed at the start of the construction phase, they can start treating construction runoff almost immediately. FWTS therefore have the potential to provide the full range of stormwater treatment (e.g. sediment and nutrient removal) from the construction phase onwards. A 2,100m 2 FWTS has been installed within a greenfield development site on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland. A four-year research study is currently underway which will target the following three objectives; (1) characterise the water quality of runoff from a greenfield development in the construction and operational phases; (2) verify the stormwater pollution removal performance of a FWTS during the construction and operational phases of a greenfield development; and (3) characterise the ability of FWTS to manage urban lake health. This extended abstract presents the proposed research methodology and anticipated outcomes of the study
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Inaugurele rede uitgesproken bij de aanvaarding van het ambt van lector aan Hogeschool van Hall Larenstein, 16 juni 2023. Rivieren en beken zijn een gemeenschappelijk, gedeeld goed (in het Engels: common property). De grote rivieren stonden via transport van sediment aan de oorsprong van ons Deltaland en zijn een manifestatie van een belangrijk gedeeld proces: de waterkringloop (Fig. 1). De biogeochemische processen binnen diehydrologische kringloop zorgen voor ons belangrijkste gemeenschappelijk goed: zoet water. Oppervlaktewater – zoals zeewater – verdampt, en wordt door de wind in de vorm van wolken landinwaarts gebracht. Daar valthet als neerslag en zakt in de aarde, wordt gebruikt door planten, verdampt of stroomt vanuit een groter of kleiner stroomgebied via beken en rivieren terug naar zee. Het is daarbij van levensbelang voor ons allen: mensen, dieren en planten. Wij gebruiken rivieren en beken voor ons drinkwater, omvoedsel te verzamelen, als transportader, als riool, als natuurlijke hulpbron inagrarische en industriële productie, voor energieproductie (zowel waterkracht als koeling), als aantrekkelijke woonplaats en voor recreatie. Maar ook wilde dieren en planten gebruiken het als drinkwater,transportader, om voedsel te verzamelen en als leefomgeving. Daarnaast genieten we van de schoonheid van rivieren en beken en biedt het onsinspiratie. Een goed beheer van (het stroomgebied van) beken en rivieren is daarom een gemeenschappelijk belang, waarbij het cruciaal is om de draagkracht van onze watersystemen te kennen en ze niet te overschrijden. Soms moeten we daarvoor terug of verder kijken: naar hoe het vroegerwas, hoe onze buren het doen, of hoe het zou kunnen. In deze rede wordt geschetst hoe er met natuur-gebaseerd rivierbeheer op zoek wordt gegaan naar grote gemene delers: maatregelen waar velen baat bij hebben en waar de belangen ook samenvallen, terwijl we binnen de systeemgrenzen blijven en de draagkracht niet wordt overschreden.
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Ecosystem engineering research has recently demonstrated the fundamental importance of non-trophic interactions for food-web structure. Particularly, by creating benign conditions in stressful environments, ecosystem engineers create hot beds of elevated levels of recruitment, growth, and survival of associated organisms; this should fuel food webs and promote production on the ecosystem scale. However, there is still limited empirical evidence of the influence of non-trophic interactions on the classical food-web processes that determine energy transfer, that is, consumer–resource interactions. On the basis of a biomanipulation experiment covering 600 m2 of an intertidal flat, we show that ecosystem engineers influence resource uptake efficiency and the accumulation of algae following nutrient enrichment in a soft-sediment food web. Nutrient additions increased chlorophyll a concentrations in the sediment by 90%, but only in plots where we also introduced high densities (2000 per m2) of a burrowing bivalve, the common cockle Cerastoderma edule. The artificial cockle beds increased the nutrient uptake efficiency of the biofilm and promoted sediment accumulation, which suggests that the cockles facilitated the sediment-living algae by increasing sediment stability. This indicates that ecological interactions, rather than the availability of nutrients per se, set the limits for production in this coastal ecosystem. Our results emphasize the need to include facilitation theory and recognize that positive interactions between species are key to understand, manage, and restore ecosystems under human influence.
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Inaugurele rede uitgesproken bij de aanvaarding van het ambt van lector aan Hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein, 17 november 2025. In haar inaugurele rede schetst Janneke Ottens hoe een systeembenadering, aandacht voor veerkracht en een andere omgang met natuurlijke dynamiek ons kunnen helpen om beter voorbereid te zijn op de gevolgen van klimaatverandering. Ze benadrukt het belang van samenwerking met regionale partners, van het Waddengebied tot het Caribisch deel van het Koninkrijk, om ecosystemen én gemeenschappen toekomstbestendig te maken. Het lectoraat Coastal & Marine Systems richt zich op praktijkgericht onderzoek dat helpt om natuur, economie en samenleving in kust- en zeegebieden in balans te brengen. Daarbij werkt HVHL intensief samen met Deltares, het Werelderfgoedcentrum Waddenzee, Springtij en een breed netwerk van overheden, bedrijven, vissers, natuurorganisaties en kennisinstellingen.
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