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3This essay is a contribution to the research project ‘From Prevention to Resilience’ funded by ZonMw. Motivated by the Covid-19 pandemic, this research project explored how public space and forms of civic engagement can contribute to working towards more resilient urban neighborhoods. The project engaged a community of practice (CoP) to inform the research and to disseminate and critically discuss research outcomes. This essay, and the bundle it is part of, is the outcome of one of these engagements. The authors of this specific essay were asked to offer their disciplinary perspective on a first version of the Human / Non-Human Public Spaces design perspective, at that time still titled Nexus Framework on Neighborhood Resilience (click here and a PDF of this version will be downloaded). The authors were asked to do so based on their field of expertise, being climate-resilient cities. The authors have written this essay in coordination with the research team. To grasp the content of this essay and to take lessons from it, we encourage readers to first get familiar with the first version of the design perspective.
HOOFDSTUK
This leaflet showcases a design framework for buildingcommunity resilience in urban neighbourhoods. Atits core, the framework challenges designers andother professionals to not only consider resilience inhuman communities, but also in other-than-humancommunities, including plants and animals. Theframework proposes a set of five concepts that helpbridging these two perspectives; each concept describesan important condition for community resilience toemerge for both humans and non-humans.
OVERIGE BIJDRAGE
The current Covid-19 pandemic has underlined the importance of urban public spaces in achieving health and social well-being (Dobson, 2021; Poortinga et al., 2021), prompting policymakers and urban planners to rethink their approach to the design of these spaces. They now propagate adapting urban public spaces more directly to human needs (Suurenbroek et al., 2019), often at a neighbourhood level, while also embracing a more-than-human perspective that includes the well-being of the natural ecosystem at large (Maller, 2020; Houston et al., 2018). The latter becomes imperative as other shocks and stressors, such as climate change and biodiversity loss, are impending, straining urban spaces and their residents to show resilience in times of complex challenges. “Learning from Covid-19”, a need emerged for new design approaches for public spaces, contributing both to social and ecological resilience.
This paper presents results from the research project "From Prevention to Resilience". It moves beyond merely responding to the pandemic by designing social and physical barriers in public space to prevent the virus from spreading. Instead, it seizes the opportunity to explore how an integrated design approach to public space could contribute to social and ecological resilience (Boon et al., 2021). The project, funded by the Dutch organization for health research and care innovation, is a collaboration between the chairs of Spatial Urban Transformation and Civic Interaction Design (AUAS) and an international partner consortium.
This paper builds on our compiled database of design strategies addressing the Covid-crisis, expert sessions with a Community of Practitioners, and interviews with Dutch spatial design firms and municipalities. It first introduces a "Design Framework for Neighbourhood Resilience" and its core concepts. Next, it validates this framework through a research-by-design approach. Spatial and social design agencies applied the framework in real-life design cases in Amsterdam and allowed for its empirical grounding and practice-based development. Ultimately, the paper defines a design framework that builds resilience for the well-being of all urban inhabitants and initiates a dialogue between disciplines to address resilience integrally when designing public spaces and forms of civic engagement.
References
Boon, B., Nirschl, M., Gualtieri, G., Suurenbroek, F., & de Waal, M. (2021). Generating and disseminating intermediate-level knowledge on multiple levels of abstraction: An exploratory case in media architecture. Media Architecture Biennale 20, 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1145/3469410.3469430
Dobson, J. (2021). Wellbeing and blue‐green space in post‐pandemic cities: Drivers, debates and departures. Geography Compass, 15. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12593
Houston, D., Hillier, J., MacCallum, D., Steele, W., & Byrne, J. (2018). Make kin, not cities! Multispecies entanglements and ‘becoming-world’ in planning theory. Planning Theory, 17(2), 190–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095216688042
Maller, C. (2020). Healthy Urban Environments: More-than-Human Theories (1st ed.). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. https://www.routledge.com/Healthy-Urban-Environments-More-than-Human-Theories/Maller/p/book/9780367459031
Poortinga, W., Bird, N., Hallingberg, B., Phillips, R., & Williams, D. (2021). The role of perceived public and private green space in subjective health and wellbeing during and after the first peak of the COVID-19 outbreak. Landscape and Urban Planning, 211, 104092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104092
Suurenbroek, F., Nio, I., & de Waal, M. (2019). Responsive public spaces: exploring the use of interactive technology in the design of public spaces. Hogeschool van Amsterdam, Urban Technology.
https://research.hva.nl/en/publications/responsive-public-spaces-exploring-the-use-of-interactive-technol-2
ABSTRACT
Over recent years, there has been an explosion in the number and diversity of projects undertaken to address urban resilience and climate proofing. Sharing the knowledge gained from these projects demands increasingly innovative and accessible methods. This paper details the outcomes of one such initiative: an interactive web-based map application that provides an entry point to gain detailed information of various ‘blue-green’ projects. The climatescan.nl has proven to be a successful tool in several international workshops, not only for field-based practitioners but also for those involved in teaching and research. Further upscaling is needed however if the full potential of such an application is to be achieved.
PAPER
Since the early work on defining and analyzing resilience in domains such as engineering, ecology and psychology, the concept has gained significant traction in many fields of research and practice. It has also become a very powerful justification for various policy goals in the water sector, evident in terms like flood resilience, river resilience, and water resilience. At the same time, a substantial body of literature has developed that questions the resilience concept's systems ontology, natural science roots and alleged conservatism, and criticizes resilience thinking for not addressing power issues. In this study, we review these critiques with the aim to develop a framework for power-sensitive resilience analysis. We build on the three faces of power to conceptualize the power to define resilience. We structure our discussion of the relevant literature into five questions that need to be reflected upon when applying the resilience concept to social–hydrological systems. These questions address: (a) resilience of what, (b) resilience at what scale, (c) resilience to what, (d) resilience for what purpose, and (e) resilience for whom; and the implications of the political choices involved in defining these parameters for resilience building or analysis. Explicitly considering these questions enables making political choices explicit in order to support negotiation or contestation on how resilience is defined and used.
NIET BEKEND
Climate adaptation requires innovative approaches to address collaborative knowledge exchange and multidisciplinary problem solving. For over a decade, ClimateScan has provided an open-source platform to map urban resilience and existing climate adaptation solutions implemented all over the world. Apart from providing data, this tool also supports a citizen science approach, contributing to active stakeholder engagement. This study aims to develop and apply calculation methods and visualisation techniques to the database in order to generate comprehensive insights into climate adaptation patterns and their contribution to urban resilience in the Netherlands. Initial indications of analysed data show that storage capacities of integrated stormwater infrastructure, such as bioswales and wetlands, have increased significantly over the last 20 years resulting in close to a minimum of 1,6 million m3 storage volume. This trend is evident in both large urban areas as well as small villages, thereby supporting sustainable climate adaptation strategies. Through the application of this open-source tool, it is possible to engage a wide range of stakeholders to contribute to developing the database for a specific area.
PAPER
What is this publication about?
In this publication on ‘New urban economies’,
we search for answers and insights to a key
question: how can cities foster economic
development and develop ‘new urban economies’.
And, importantly, how can they do that:
◗ in concertation with different
urban stakeholders, ◗ responding adequately to key challenges
and developments beyond their control, ◗ building on the cities’ own identity,
industries and competences, ◗ in a sustainable way, ◗ and without compromising
weaker groups.
BOEK
More intensified events such as extreme precipitation are increasingly occurring in urban areas, leading to waterlogging (surface water accumulation) and pluvial flooding. These events adversely affect urban assets, facilities, and critical infrastructure networks, causing not only financial damages but also disruptions in accessibility and essential services.
Climate adaptation is therefore essential to address these hazards. Since climate change is already underway and its impacts cannot be fully prevented, adaptation strategies must be prioritized. Climate adaptation measures vary in scale, functionality, and composition. The composition of these measures can be defined by the degree of integration of natural (green) and engineered (grey) elements. This range forms a hybrid spectrum, where green and grey components are combined and designed for synergistic performance (Figure 1).
Hybrid measures provide various benefits such as reducing flood events by enhancing infiltration, increasing storage capacity, and delaying runoff in terms of both volume and timing. Additionally, they contribute to several co-benefits as: urban aesthetics, mitigate heat stress, and promote biodiversity. Considering these measures in urban planning frameworks is crucial for creating multifunctional spaces that address both hydrological, ecological and social challenges.
The study focuses exclusively on urban hybrid measures and collects expert interviews to capture practical insights into their design, implementation, and performance. Interviews are aimed to develop a structured classification of urban hybrid measures based on spatial scale, cost, and multifunctional benefits. Experts identified key challenges, including maintenance and governance, and to provided several examples of successful implementations with key lessons learnt for international knowledge exchange. The study concludes with recommendations that link tested design principles and operational practices to scalable strategies for resilient urban water management with key messages related to finance, governance and institutional challenges with practical guidelines for the design, implementation and maintenance ensuring a long-term efficiency of hybrid measures.
ARTIKEL
Societal resilience is an emerging paradigm. It refers to responses and strategies at the level of individuals, groups, organizations, and societies that are dealing with complex societal problems. At the same time, these responses contribute to innovative solutions that make society more resilient to current and future challenges. Societal resilience is, however, conceptually relatively undefined. This ambiguity is generally seen as problematic for scholarly work. In this chapter, the authors show that societal resilience is an important social concept because of its openness. To study resilience requires research methodologies that engage many actual stakeholders. Collaborating with societal stakeholders allows not only for co-generating knowledge of local relevance, but also stimulating a comprehensive and critical research approach. Therefore, the current openness of societal resilience does not constitute an undesirable theory gap. It enables the possibility of having plural perspectives based on the complex realities on the ground.
HOOFDSTUK
Worldwide, cities rely on the proper functioning of critical infrastructures (CIs) such as electricity, telecommunication, water supply and transportation. Failure of those infrastructures can lead to significant and long-lasting impacts, even far beyond the flooded areas due to cascading effects. Local authorities are eager to take action to reduce flood risk and strive to increase the resilience of their communities. However, CI are often not considered in flood risk assessments. One of the reasons is that CI operators do not share their CI data and internal risk assessments. Therefore, an integral view on flood risk is lacking and risks may be unidentified or underestimated. To overcome this limitation, in this paper we propose an integrated framework for flood risk assessment of urban critical infrastructures (UCIs) for local authorities, which is based on publicly available and field-surveyed CI data. The proposed framework supports cities to carry out cross-sectoral risk screenings on urban district level to evaluate the need for in-depth risk assessments and risk dialogues with CI operators.
ARTIKEL
