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2Dit artikel gaat in op kwetsbaarheid tegenover de overheid bij gezinnen die met jeugdzorg te maken krijgen. Gezinnen die jeugdhulp ontvangen verkeren regelmatig in kwetsbare omstandigheden. Naast kwetsbaarheid door de persoonlijke situatie van een gezin kan kwetsbaarheid tegenover de overheid ook ontstaan door aspecten van een bestuursrechtelijke procedure en de uitvoeringspraktijk. Dit artikel signaleert een aantal aspecten in de procedure en de uitvoeringspraktijk van de jeugdzorg in het vrijwillige kader die ertoe kunnen leiden dat gezinnen hun rechten tegenover de overheid onvoldoende kunnen realiseren. De nadruk ligt daarbij op de toegang tot de jeugdhulp, dat wil zeggen de besluitvormingsprocedure waarin de gemeente bepaalt of (en zo ja welke) jeugdhulp nodig is en waarmee de jeugdige en ouder een (of geen) aanspraak op jeugdhulp krijgt. This article discusses the vulnerability of families who require assistance from youth care services and the applicable administrative law procedures. Families receiving youth care services frequently find themselves in precarious situations. Beyond the personal circumstances contributing to their vulnerability, the interaction with government procedures and their implementation can exacerbate this vulnerability. This article identifies several procedural and implementation aspects of youth care that can hinder families from effectively exercising their rights before the government. The focus is specifically on vulnerabilities encountered when families request youth care from municipalities or are referred to them. Emphasis is placed on the decisionmaking process by which municipalities determine the necessity and type of youth care, a decision that ultimately affects the entitlement of children and parents to receive such care.
MULTIFILE
The phenomena of urbanization and climate change interact with the growing number of older people living in cities. One of the effects of climate change is an increased riverine flooding hazard, and when floods occur this has a severe impact on human lives and comes with vast economic losses. Flood resilience management procedures should be supported by a combination of complex social and environmental vulnerability assessments. Therefore, new methodologies and tools should be developed for this purpose. One way to achieve such inclusive procedures is by incorporating a social vulnerability evaluation methodology for environmental and flood resilience assessment. These are illustrated for application in the Polish city of Wrocław. Socio-environmental vulnerability mapping, based on spatial analyses using the poverty risk index, data on the ageing population, as well as the distribution of the areas vulnerable to floods, was conducted with use of a location intelligence system combining Geographic Information System (GIS) and Business Intelligence (BI) tools. The new methodology allows for the identification of areas populated by social groups that are particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of flooding. C 2018 SETAC Original Publication: Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:592–597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4077
MULTIFILE
Objective Vulnerability among pregnant women is an important and complex theme in the everyday practice of midwives. Exchanging knowledge and best practices about vulnerability between midwives in Europe can contribute to improving the knowledge and skills of midwives and as a result improve the care for vulnerable pregnant women. We therefore start a consortium with midwives, midwifery teachers, researchers and students from organizations of seven European cities with the aim to exchange knowledge and best practices concerning vulnerable pregnant women between midwives. To be able to effectively exchange knowledge and best practices, our consortium started with this study focuses on establishing a mutual definition of vulnerable pregnant women. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a mutual definition of vulnerable pregnant women and to identify aspects related to vulnerability. Design Delphi study with four rounds: (1) gathering existing knowledge from literature and definitions used by partners of the consortium, (2) and (3) two survey rounds and (4) an in-person consensus meeting. Setting Consortium of midwives, midwifery teachers, researchers and students from Antwerp (Belgium), Ghent (Belgium), Turku (Finland), Milan (Italy), Piła (Poland), Lisbon (Portugal) and Rotterdam (The Netherlands) Participants We included all consortium members in the Delphi study. Findings Various aspects related to vulnerability and appropriate definitions were identified during the Delphi rounds. Consensus about the aspects related to vulnerability and the definition of vulnerable pregnant women was reached during the final consensus meeting. A vulnerable pregnant woman was defined as a woman who is threatened by physical, psychological, cognitive and/or social risk factors in combination with lack of adequate support and/or adequate coping skills. Key conclusion We reached consensus about a mutual definition of vulnerable pregnant women and aspects related to vulnerability within this consortium. The Delphi approach led to interesting discussions and was a valuable method to define the concept of vulnerable pregnant women within our project . Implications for practice In order to accomplish a project that aimed to improve care for vulnerable pregnant women it was important to first identify the population of vulnerable pregnant women with a mutual definition.
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Being able to identify socially frail older adults is essential for designing interventions and policy and for the prediction of health outcomes, both on the level of individual older adults and of the population. The aim of the present study was to adapt the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) to the Dutch language and culture for those purposes. A systematic cross-cultural adaptation of the initial Social Vulnerability Index was performed following five steps: initial translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, a Delphi procedure, and a test for face validity and feasibility. The main result of this study is a face-valid 32 item Dutch version of the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI-D) that is feasible in health care and social care settings. The SVI-D is a useful index to measure social frailty in Dutch-language countries and offers a broad, holistic quantification of older people's social circumstances related to the risk of adverse health outcomes.
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A comprehensive vulnerability assessment is a scientific basis for the realization of the United Nations' sustainable development goals. Energy resilience plays a crucial role in mitigating social vulnerability due to disaster shocks. Often, energy infrastructure and services collapse after disasters. The recent Russia-Ukraine war has exacerbated Europe's energy crisis and social vulnerabilities, making it even more urgent to add energy resilience to vulnerability assessments. This paper takes the Netherlands as the study area for vulnerability assessment, constructs a new social vulnerability indicator (SVI) system supplemented with the energy element, and compares that with the traditional energy indicator system. The results indicate that: 1) The introduction of energy indicators fills the gap of traditional SVI assessment. 2) Energy indicators reveal regional and spatial differences in potential social vulnerability in the Netherlands. 3) Energy-inclusive SVI demonstrates that uneven urbanization exacerbates risks and inequalities for vulnerable groups, with potential impacts on social vulnerability. Sustainable urban development requires the search for a recognized and coordinated approach to managing vulnerability across regions. The complementarity of energy indicators offers opportunities to provide a more comprehensive assessment of spatial patterns of social vulnerability, identify potentially vulnerable areas, enhance urban disaster resilience, and achieve sustainable urban development.
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In recent years, there have been significant changes in weather patterns, mainly caused by sharp increases in temperature, increases in carbon dioxide, and fluctuations in precipitation levels, negatively impacting agricultural production. Agricultural systems are characterized by being vulnerable to the variation of biophysical and socioeconomic factors involved in the development of agricultural activities. Agent-based models (ABMs) enable the study, analysis, and management of ecosystems through their ability to represent networks and their spatial nature. In this research, an ABM is developed to evaluate the behavior and determine the vulnerability in the sugarcane agricultural system; allowing the capitalization of knowledge through characteristics such as social ability and autonomy of the modeled agents through fuzzy logic and system dynamics. The methodol-ogy used includes information networks for a dynamic assessment of agricultural risk modeled by time series, system dynamics, uncertain parameters, and experience; which are developed in three stages: vulnerability indicators, crop vulnerability, and total system vulnerability. The development of ABM, a greater impact on the environmental contingency is noted due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the exponential increase in extreme meteorological phenomena threatening the cultivation of sugarcane, making the agricultural sector more vulnerable and reducing the yield of the harvest.
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Problem Within maternity care policies and practice, pregnant migrant women are regarded as a vulnerable population. Background Women’s experiential knowledge is a key element of woman-centred care but is insufficiently addressed in midwifery practice and research that involves migrant women. Aim To examine if pregnant migrant women’s experiential knowledge of vulnerability corresponds with sets of criteria of vulnerability, and to explore how migrant women make sense of vulnerability during pregnancy. Methods A sequential two-phased mixed-methods study, conducted in the Netherlands, integrating survey data of 89 pregnant migrant women and focus group data obtained from 25 migrant mothers - living in deprived areas according to the Dutch socio-economic index. Results Criteria associated with vulnerability were reported by 65.2% of the participants and 62.9% of the participants reported adverse childhood experiences. On a Visual Analogue Scale, ranging from 0 (not vulnerable) to 10 (very vulnerable), participants self-reported sense of vulnerability showed a mean score of 4.2 (±2.56). Women’s experiential knowledge of vulnerability significantly correlated with the mean sum score of clinical criteria of vulnerability (r .46, p .002) and with the mean sum score of adverse childhood experiences (r .48, p < .001). Five themes emerged from the focus group discussions: “Look beyond who you think I am and see and treat me for who I really am”, “Ownership of truth and knowledge”, “Don’t punish me for being honest”, “Projection of fear” and “Coping with labelling”. Conclusion Pregnant migrant women’s experiential knowledge of vulnerability is congruent with the criteria. Calling upon experiential knowledge is an attribute of the humane woman-midwife relationship.
DOCUMENT
Since the first uptake of electric vehicles, policy makers are questioning how to rollout public charging infrastructure in an efficient manner, such that user convenience balances with costs of investment. In some metropolitan areas, the first phase of rollout has been passed, meaning an optimized deployment of future charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) becomes important to improve the charging infrastructure and ensure customer satisfaction and sufficient service provision. Complex system literature shows that network vulnerability is an important metric, yet, charging infrastructure has not yet been a subject of these simulation models so far. This research, based on real-world data, provides a novel approach for improving the roll-out strategy of municipalities, by treating the charge infrastructure as a complex network of charging stations and defining vulnerability in respect to the availability of its surrounding charging stations within relevant walking distance.
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Prevalence rates and the health problems related to maternal distress instigated the development of an intervention to prevent and reduce maternal distress during pregnancy. Intervention Mapping served as a framework for the intervention development. A needs assessment using the PRECEDE model and the results of a crosssectional study among healthy pregnant women, showed factors that are significantly related to women’s vulnerability or development of maternal distress - for which midwives need to screen. A systematic review and meta-analysis showed evidence for use of selective and indicated prevention strategies in midwifery practice. Interviews and a survey among midwives exploring their behavioral intentions of antenatal management of care of maternal distress, showed midwives’ educational needs for screening. All these factors were taken on board while developing, producing and implementing the intervention. The intervention consisted of a training and toolkit for midwives and a tailored web-based program for women. A non-randomized pre-post intervention study was conducted to evaluate the intervention for its effect. The intervention was shown to be effective in preventing and reducing maternal distress during pregnancy, albeit to take the limitations of the respective separate studies into account.
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It is historically a fact that Turkey experiences frequent earthquakes, on the order of one damaging earthquake of magnitude 6–7 approximately every 2 years, causing extensive losses to economy, life and limb. Every strong earthquake leaves behind poverty and tens of thousands of homeless people. In order to mitigate especially the losses of life due to earthquakes, a rapid scoring technique called the P25 – Preliminary Assessment Method is proposed herein. The purpose of the method is to determine, for a reinforced concrete-framed building, whether there is any vulnerability to collapse during a strong earthquake. By identifying those buildings, which are most likely susceptible to collapse inside a particular building stock, and consequently strengthening or demolishing them, practically no loss of life will occur. In this presentation, details of P25 – Preliminary Assessment Method are discussed and the high degree of prediction reliability of the method is demonstrated on 323 case study buildings, which experienced wide ranges of damage during past earthquakes.
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