Het evenement From Cash to Code op 6 december 2024 verkende de impact van cryptoactiva en digitaal centrale bankgeld op de toekomst van het financiële systeem. De tweede sessie stond in het teken van de regulering van cryptoactiva binnen de EU. Aleksandra Asscheman, onderzoeker van het lectoraat New Finance, legde uit hoe de nieuwe Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA)-regelgeving moet bijdragen aan het vergroten van vertrouwen in de cryptomarkt en deze eerlijker moet maken. Ze besprak hoe MiCA risico’s zoals consumentenschade en financiële instabiliteit probeert te beperken, maar ook de uitdagingen, zoals de hoge nalevingskosten voor marktdeelnemers.
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In recent years, the debate about the design of the monetary system has become increasingly prevalent. A major topic within this debate is central bank digital currency or CBDC for short. A survey by the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) shows that in 2022, nine in ten central banks (CB) explored a digital variant of their own currency (Kosse & Mattei, 2022). In the euro area, the European Central Bank (ECB) is conducting a wide-range study of the pros and cons of a CBDC, in the form of a digital euro. Other CBs are at different stages of the research cycle. The Chinese central bank is experimenting extensively with its e-CNY and has been conducting research since 2014 (Luo, 2022; Prasad, 2021). The Swedish Riksbank published its first report on the possible designs and effects of the e-krona in September 2017 (Sveriges Riksbank, 2017). Against all these various studies and experiments is the Bahamian Sand dollar, the world's first, by 2020, fully implemented CBDC. The Bahamas is not the only country; in 2022, Jamaica fully introduced the JAM-DEX (CBDC Tracker, 2023). Since CBDCs are a relatively new phenomenon, there is logically little empirical data to support the potential advantages and disadvantages. The fully implemented Sand dollar can confirm or refute some of the claimed theoretical advantages and disadvantages, and lessons can be distilled from this case for the introduction of other CBDCs. This paper first discusses the (theoretical) motivations for implementing the Sand dollar, then discusses its operation and current low adaptation rates. Finally, it derives lessons that can be used in other CBDC cases.
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Presentation by Rutger Leukfeldt on Financially motivated cybercriminal networks, during workshop on Cybercrime Offenders. Cybercrime perpetrators are as diverse and complex as the cybercrime that they commit. For example, they come from different backgrounds and have different (egotistical, technical, monetary, ideological, political, professional, vengeful, sexual or other) motivations. They may or may not be professional criminals, and individuals or part of organised groups or networks (example of Advanced Persistent Threats). Some may commit crime on their own account or make their services available to others, and some may be supported by or be state actors. A better understanding of the types of perpetrators and their motivations and techniques can be instrumental for the prevention of cybercrime and for a more effective criminal justice response. The aim of this workshop is to contribute to such a better understanding and to initiate steps towards a typology of offenders.
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