Criminal expertise plays a crucial role in the choices offenders make when committing a crime, including their modus operandi. However, our knowledge about criminal decision making online remains limited. Drawing on insights from cyber security, we conceptualize the cybercrime commission process as the sequence of phases of the cyber kill chain that offenders go through. We assume that offenders who follow the sequence consecutively use the most efficient hacking method. Building upon the expertise paradigm, we hypothesize that participants with greater hacking experience and IT skills undertake more efficient hacks. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed data from 69 computer security and software engineering students who were invited to hack a vulnerable website in a computer lab equipped with monitoring software, which allowed to collect objective behavioral measures. Additionally, we collected individual measures regarding hacking expertise through an online questionnaire. After quantitatively measuring efficiency using sequence analysis, a regression model showed that the expertise paradigm may also apply to hackers. We discuss the implications of our novel research for the study of offender decision-making processes more broadly.
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This dissertation concerns the adaptive ability by which workers meet new expertise needs throughout their careers. We aimed to increase our understanding of this adaptive ability through a series of four studies building upon the concept of flexpertise (Van der Heijden, 1998, 2000). These studies were designed to advance theorizing, specifically in scholarly research on expertise and expert performance (Ericsson et al., 2006) and sustainable careers (Van der Heijden & De Vos, 2015), and to increase our understanding of how flexpertise may be fostered among workers across expertise domains and working contexts.In this introduction chapter, we outline the key theoretical concepts regarding the flexpertise phenomenon that we will use throughout this dissertation, a description of the knowledge gap in the scholarly literature, and our research focus. This is followed by a summary of this PhD project that outlines the overall research objective, the research questions and research methods that we deployed, as well as an overview of the four flexpertise studies conducted (see Table 1.1). The subsequent chapters include the four (submitted) scientific publications on this matter. We conclude by reflecting on the theoretical, methodological and practical value of our research, and on the limitations of our research approach. We finish with recommendations for future research, ethical considerations on the usage of the flexpertise concept in labor market debates, and a personal reflection on this PhD program.Before explaining the key concept of flexpertise and related core concepts, we first outline what we mean by new expertise needs. These needs shaped the background of the four studies conducted.
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The generalist-plus-specialist palliative care model is endorsed worldwide. In the Netherlands, the competencies and profile of the generalist provider of palliative care has been described on all professional levels in nursing and medicine. However, there is no clear description of what specialized expertise in palliative care entails, whereas this is important in order for generalists to know who they can consult in complex palliative care situations and for timely referral of patients to palliative care specialists. Objective: To gain insight in the roles and competencies attributed to palliative care specialists as opposed to generalists. Methods: A scoping review was completed based on PRISMA-ScR guidelines to explore the international literature on the role and competence description of specialist and expert care professionals in palliative care. Databases Embase.com, Medline (Ovid), CINAHL (Ebsco) and Web of Science Core Collection were consulted. The thirty-nine included articles were independently screened, reviewed and charted. Thematic codes were attached based on two main outcomes roles and competencies. Results: Five roles were identified for the palliative care specialist: care provider, care consultant, educator, researcher and advocate. Leadership qualities are found to be pivotal for every role. The roles were further specified with competencies that emerged from the analysis. The title, roles and competencies attributed to the palliative care specialist can mostly be applied to both medical and nursing professionals. Discussion: The roles and competencies derived from this scoping review correspond well with the seven fields of competence for medical/nursing professionals in health care of the CanMEDS guide. A specialist is not only distinguished from a generalist on patient-related care activities but also on an encompassing level. Clarity on what it entails to be a specialist is important for improving education and training for specialists. Conclusion: This scoping review adds to our understanding of what roles and competencies define the palliative care specialist. This is important to strengthen the position of the specialist and their added value to generalists in a generalist-plus-specialist model
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Knowledge about entrepreneurial expertise, how experts think and make decisions have progressed in the last decade. Despite this advancement, studies have difficulties in providing a general conceptual model of expertise that is empirically validated. We attribute these limitations to the lack of existing conceptualizations of entrepreneurial expertise to take into consideration the entrepreneur’s dual systems of information processing. Therefore, in this study, we advance a default-interventionist perspective of entrepreneurial expertise consisting of fast and slow-thinking expertise. We suggest that the two types of expertise coexist and interact during the decision-making process except in the decisions characterized by true uncertainty. Furthermore, taking into consideration that expertise is domain-specific, we suggest three broad sub-domains of entrepreneurial knowledge that are malleable to the specific sector in which an entrepreneur operates.
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Knowledge about entrepreneurial expertise, how experts think and make decisions have progressed in the last decade. Despite this advancement, studies have difficulties in providing a general conceptual model of expertise that is empirically validated. We attribute these limitations to the lack of existing conceptualizations of entrepreneurial expertise to take into consideration the entrepreneur’s dual systems of information processing. Therefore, in this study, we advance a default-interventionist perspective of entrepreneurial expertise consisting of fast and slow-thinking expertise. We suggest that the two types of expertise coexist and interact during the decision-making process except in the decisions characterized by true uncertainty. Furthermore, taking into consideration that expertise is domain-specific, we suggest three broad sub-domains of entrepreneurial knowledge that are malleable to the specific sector in which an entrepreneur operates.
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Voor toekomstige professionals is het belangrijk om Adaptieve Expertise (AE) te ontwikkelen. Dit geldt in het bijzonder voor studenten die gaan werken in de IT, waar technieken zich in een razend tempo ontwikkelen. In de Digital Society Hub (DSH) van de Hanzehogeschool Groningen werken studenten, docent-onderzoekers en bedrijven uit de regio samen aan het oplossen van complexe vraagstukken. Deze vraagstukken vragen om innovatieve toepassingen van relatief onbekende technieken; zonder AE van betrokkenen kunnen de vraagstukken niet opgelost worden. Hiermee lijkt de DSH de ideale omgeving om AE te ontwikkelen. Daarom hebben we onderzocht hoe de DSH AE-ontwikkeling bij studenten stimuleert. De resultaten van dat onderzoek illustreren we graag aan de hand van een praktijkvoorbeeld.
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In het Adaptieve Expertise World café geven we deelnemers inzicht in de manieren waarop studenten in het hoger onderwijs middels werkplekleren adaptieve expertise ontwikkelen. Adaptieve expertise (AE) is het vermogen van professionals om om te kunnen gaan met veranderingen en vernieuwingen. Het is een uitdaging voor het hoger onderwijsinstellingen en de beroepspraktijk het onderwijs te (her-)ontwerpen met het oog op AE. In een groot project over adaptieve expertise hebben we een initiële programma theorie ontwikkeld dat gaat over: (1) de relatie tussen studentkenmerken en AE, (2) de invloed van de authenticiteit en complexiteit van taken en AE, (3) interactie met anderen en AE en (4) het leerwerkklimaat en AE. Onze volgende stap is het aanscherpen van de initiële programma theorie middels informatie uit case studies. In het Wold café stellen we een selectie van vier cases centraal en gaan we in twee rondes de cases middels een dialoog uitdiepen. Vervolgens scherpen we in een gezamenlijk gesprek onder leiding van een referent de initiële programma theorie aan. Dit vormt input voor verdere synthese en geeft deelnemers inspiratie over de ontwikkeling van AE tijdens werkplekleren en de verschillende factoren die daarin een rol spelen.
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Shared governance in hospitals promotes the inclusion of nurses' expertise, knowledge and skills in organisational processes, and nurses increasingly fulfil positions in organisational hierarchies. However, incorporating nursing expertise in strategic governance structures might be complicated, as these structures are primarily linked to managerial and biomedical expertise. Drawing on a Foucauldian perspective on knowledge and power, intertwined and embedded in everyday (inter)actions, we study how newly appointed directors of nursing challenge these dominant ‘modes of knowing’. By focusing on a (Dutch) healthcare organisation, a large academic medical centre, we gained insight into how the history of director of nursing roles relates to how nursing expertise is valued. We gathered qualitative data (from multiple sources) to get close to the daily practices of these directors. In this way, we were able to highlight three tactics that enable directors to relate to new ‘knowledge-power knots’: (1) positioning, by creating more unity; (2) profiling, by showing significance and (3) powering, by being alert and intervening. With these tactics, the directors of nursing try to embed themselves and their expertise in hospital governance. This study contributes to an everyday understanding of power and the tactics that directors of nursing employ as an ongoing practice. This provides practical starting points for embedding nursing in governance and decision-making.
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De expertise van sociale professionals zoals maatschappelijk werkers staat wederom ter discussie. Dat is weliswaar bepaald geen nieuw debat, want reeds meer dan dertig jaar geleden stelde Hans Achterhuis de deskundigheid op de markt van welzijn en geluk ter discussie. Toch is verontrustend dat het debat nog steeds niet is verstomd. Jos van der Lans neemt in zijn boek Eropaf! (2010) een uitgesproken relativerend standpunt in. In zijn pleidooi voor een nieuwe start van het sociaal werk stelt hij dat sociale professionals zich in het geheel niet kunnen beroepen op specialistische professionele expertise die hen onderscheidt van leken. Hun bagage zou zich beperken tot algemene aspecten zoals persoonlijkheid en ervaring, mensenkennis en sociale vaardigheden
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