The intermittency of renewable energy technologies requires adequate storage technologies. Hydrogen systems consisting of electrolysers, storage tanks, and fuel cells can be implemented as well as batteries. The requirements of the hydrogen purification unit is missing from literature. We measured the same for a 4.5 kW PEM electrolyser to be 0.8 kW for 10 min.A simulation to hybridize the hydrogen system, including its purification unit, with lithium-ion batteries for energy storage is presented; the batteries also support the electrolyser. We simulated a scenario for operating a Dutch household off-electric-grid using solar and wind electricity to find the capacities and costs of the components of the system.Although the energy use of the purification unit is small, it influences the operation of the system, affecting the sizing of the components. The battery as a fast response efficient secondary storage system increases the ability of the electrolyser to start up.
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There is an ongoing transition towards renewable energy sources in order to combat climate change. National power grids are suffering due to the rapid introduction of new energy sources and have other disadvantages. Local Energy Systems (LESs) are a beneficial example of an off-grid energy systems that can aid the energy transition. LESs are community driven and require participating and steering members. This can be achieved through empowering end-users to become active participants or steerers. End-users can be empowered to become an active participant through engagement with energy management activities. This does not work for empowering to steer, which begs the question, how to empower end-users or participants to become steerers in Local Energy Systems. Through a literature review this study explores the importance of establishing a group containing steerers with diverse skills, strong leadership, and engagement with the environment and community. Additionally, this study identifies the strategy that empowers end-users to steer. Which is training technological and managemental skills; and training capabilities in establishing relations with local participants and intermediary organisations. To apply these findings more precisely a secondary analysis is conducted on a survey with 599 participants. The original study researched willingness to participate in LESs, however the secondary analysis establishes three important factors to predict willingness to steer. These are energy independence, community trust, and community resistance. Additionally, men with a high level of education are most willing to become steerers per default, thus different demographics generally require more empowerment.
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Wattsun levert een energie-oplossing te gebruiken bij off grid situaties. Het concept is innovatief en duurzaam, eenvoudig in bediening en makkelijk transporteerbaar. Het probleem is dat bij een off-grid situatie, zoals bij evenementen en festivals, de energie vaak niet efficiënt gebruikt wordt, de kWh prijs hoog is en er veel technische kennis bij komt kijken. Tot heden wordt de energie terplekke opgewekt met een dieselaggregaat waarbij CO2-uitstoot, stank en lawaai niet te voorkomen is. Hoewel deze aggregaten dikwijls aan het oog van het publiek onttrokken worden, zijn ze wel degelijk overal aanwezig. Door duurzame energie in batterijen op te slaan en deze in te zetten op evenementen komt duurzame energie ook beschikbaar bij off-grid situaties, dat is de kern van Wattsun. Een gebruiksvriendelijk, slim en mobiel batterijopslag systeem, dat modulair op te bouwen en te gebruiken is. De Wattsun maakt geen geluid, stinkt niet, is duurzaam en ziet er stoer uit. De toepassingsmogelijkheden zijn legio. In het haalbaarheidsonderzoek staat centraal: elke markt is het meest kansrijk en hoe is deze te ontginnen
