For almost fifteen years, the availability and regulatory acceptance of new approach methodologies (NAMs) to assess the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME/biokinetics) in chemical risk evaluations are a bottleneck. To enhance the field, a team of 24 experts from science, industry, and regulatory bodies, including new generation toxicologists, met at the Lorentz Centre in Leiden, The Netherlands. A range of possibilities for the use of NAMs for biokinetics in risk evaluations were formulated (for example to define species differences and human variation or to perform quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolations). To increase the regulatory use and acceptance of NAMs for biokinetics for these ADME considerations within risk evaluations, the development of test guidelines (protocols) and of overarching guidance documents is considered a critical step. To this end, a need for an expert group on biokinetics within the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to supervise this process was formulated. The workshop discussions revealed that method development is still required, particularly to adequately capture transporter mediated processes as well as to obtain cell models that reflect the physiology and kinetic characteristics of relevant organs. Developments in the fields of stem cells, organoids and organ-on-a-chip models provide promising tools to meet these research needs in the future.
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Immunofluorescence microscopy in this study shows that GLUT-4 protein expression is fibre-type specific within a muscle. It is postulated that both fibre-type-dependent and fibre-type-independent factors affect GLUT-4 expression.
Synthetic fibers, mainly polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polypropylene (PP), are the most widely used polymers in the textile industry. These fibers surpass the production of natural fibers with a market share of 54.4%. The advantages of these fibers are their high modulus and strength, stiffness, stretch or elasticity, wrinkle and abrasion resistances, relatively low cost, convenient processing, tailorable performance and easy recycling. The downside to synthetic fibers use are reduced wearing comfort, build-up of electrostatic charge, the tendency to pill, difficulties in finishing, poor soil release properties and low dyeability. These disadvantages are largely associated with their hydrophobic nature. To render their surfaces hydrophilic, various physical, chemical and bulk modification methods are employed to mimic the advantageous properties of their natural counterparts. This review is focused on the application of recent methods for the modification of synthetic textiles using physical methods (corona discharge, plasma, laser, electron beam and neutron irradiations), chemical methods (ozone-gas treatment, supercritical carbon dioxide technique, vapor deposition, surface grafting, enzymatic modification, sol-gel technique, layer-by-layer deposition of nano-materials, micro-encapsulation method and treatment with different reagents) and bulk modification methods by blending polymers with different compounds in extrusion to absorb different colorants. Nowadays, the bulk and surface functionalization of synthetic fibers for various applications is considered as one of the best methods for modern textile finishing processes (Tomasino, 1992). This last stage of textile processing has employed new routes to demonstrate the great potential of nano-science and technology for this industry (Lewin, 2007). Combination of physical technologies and nano-science enhances the durability of textile materials against washing, ultraviolet radiation, friction, abrasion, tension and fading (Kirk–Othmer, 1998). European methods for application of new functional finishing materials must meet high ethical demands for environmental-friendly processing (Fourne, 1999). For this purpose the process of textile finishing is optimized by different researchers in new findings (Elices & Llorca, 2002). Application of inorganic and organic nano-particles have enhanced synthetic fibers attributes, such as softness, durability, breathability, water repellency, fire retardancy and antimicrobial properties (Franz, 2003; McIntyre, 2005; Xanthos, 2005). This review article gives an application overview of various physical and chemical methods of inorganic and organic structured material as potential modifying agents of textiles with emphasis on dyeability enhancements. The composition of synthetic fibers includes polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamides (PA) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Synthetic fibers already hold a 54% market share in the fiber market. Of this market share, PET alone accounts for almost 50% of all fiber materials in 2008 (Gubitz & Cavaco-Paulo, 2008). Polypropylene, a major component for the nonwovens market accounts for 10% of the market share of both natural and synthetic fibers worldwide (INDA, 2008 and Aizenshtein, 2008). It is apparent that synthetic polymers have unique properties, such as high uniformity, mechanical strength and resistance to chemicals or abrasion. However, high hydrophobicity, the build-up of static charges, poor breathability, and resistant to finishing are undesirable properties of synthetic materials (Gubitz & Cavaco-Paulo, 2008). Synthetic textile fibers typically undergo a variety of pre-treatments before dyeing and printing is feasible. Compared to their cotton counterparts, fabrics made from synthetic fibers undergo mild scouring before dyeing. Nonetheless, these treatments still create undesirable process conditions wh
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De verwerking van biomassa is vaak gericht op de omzetting in energie, wat een relatief laagwaardige vorm van benutting is. De biomaterialen, die we uit biomassa kunnen maken, zijn veel meer waard en de besparing op fossiele energie is groter. Gelet op de economisch en circulaire waarde van biomassa wordt een goede verwerking en behandeling van natte biomassa steeds belangrijker. De verwerking van deze stromen stelt echter bijzondere eisen aan de te gebruiken materialen en technieken voor ontwatering. Voor ontwatering van biomassa worden verschillende technieken gebruikt, bijvoorbeeld flocculeren, persen of centrifugeren. Bij alle deze ontwateringsprocessen worden doorgaans hulpstoffen, flocculanten, toegevoegd. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn anorganische elektrolyten, zoals aluminium- of ijzerzouten en/of organische poly-elektrolyten, waarvan de meest gebruikte is polyacrylamide. Het bouwblok van polyacrylamide, acrylamide, is in 2010 op de lijst van Zeer Zorgwekkende Stoffen (ZZS) gezet in het kader van de REACH-regelgeving. De potentiele milieu- en gezondheidsproblemen zijn een beperking voor sommige toepassingen, zoals gebruik van biomassa als grondverbeteraar of diervoeding. Polyacrylamide is moeilijk biologisch afbreekbaar. Bovendien kan het product nog resthoeveelheden bevatten van het monomeer acrylamide dat toxisch en mutageen is. Biobased kationische polymeren, zoals kationische zetmeel, geproduceerd door Glycanex en tannines zoals geleverd door Melspring kunnen een veilig en milieuvriendelijk alternatief bieden. Verder onderzoek naar deze biobased alternatieven is voor Glycanex en Melspring essentieel om duidelijk te krijgen voor welke biomassa stromen deze alternatieven het meest geschikt zijn. De geschiktheid wordt duidelijk door bepaling van de optimale formulering en deze te vergelijken met de dosering en kosten van de gebruikelijke alternatieven. Deze inzichten helpen om de doeltreffendheid van deze oplossingen te kunnen bewijzen en waar nodig, de bioflocculanten verder te ontwikkelen. Een duidelijk en onafhankelijk bewijs van de goede werking helpt de toepassing van deze alternatieven te stimuleren. Het doel van het BIOFLOC project is het in kaart brengen van de mogelijkheden en beperkingen van biobased flocculanten als alternatief voor de huidige synthetische, petrochemie gebaseerd flocculanten, zoals polyacrylamide. Op basis van de reeds door de partners uitgevoerde voorstudies en literatuuronderzoek zal een selectie van biobased flocculanten met verschillende typen biomassa’s getest worden op de ontwateringefficiëntie.
