Adaptive governance describes the purposeful collective actions to resist, adapt, or transform when faced with shocks. As governments are reluctant to intervene in informal settlements, community based organisations (CBOs) self-organize and take he lead. This study explores under what conditions CBOs in Mathare informal settlement, Nairobi initiate and sustain resilience activities during Covid-19. Study findings show that CBOs engage in multiple resilience activities, varying from maladaptive and unsustainable to adaptive, and transformative. Two conditions enable CBOs to initiate resilience activities: bonding within the community and coordination with other actors. To sustain these activities over 2.5 years of Covid-19, CBOs also require leadership, resources, organisational capacity, and network capacity. The same conditions appear to enable CBOs to engage in transformative activities. How-ever, CBOs cannot transform urban systems on their own. An additional condition, not met in Mathare, is that governments, NGOs, and donor agencies facilitate, support, and build community capacities. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Adaptive governance by community-based organisations: Community resilience initiatives during Covid‐19 in Mathare, Nairobi. which has been published in final form at doi/10.1002/sd.2682. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions
Het kennispunt Gelijke Kansen, Diversiteit en Inclusie (GKDI) van de MBO Raad is in 2021 gestart met Project 8, waarbij het kennispunt acht mbo scholen ondersteunde bij het maken, uitvoeren en evalueren van een integrale aanpak voor hun vraagstukken op het gebied van gelijke kansen, diversiteit en inclusie. De ondersteuning werd geboden in de vorm van advisering, coaching en expertise en een financiële ondersteuning van 25.000 Euro. Scholen konden zelf beslissen hoe ze de gelden zouden besteden (bijvoorbeeld in uren voor het actieteam). Scholen waren geacht om ook 25.000 Euro te investeren, ook hier waren ze vrij in de invulling van de besteding. Het doel van Project 8 was dat deelnemende scholen zich een aanpak eigen maken die hen ondersteunt bij het duurzaam bevorderen van gelijke kansen, diversiteit en inclusie op hun school. Met andere woorden, het project richtte zich op het aanleren van een methodiek die op elk vraagstuk met betrekking tot dit thema kan worden toegepast. Het accent lag dus nadrukkelijk niet op het vinden van snelle oplossingen voor urgente problemen met betrekking tot gelijke kansen, diversiteit en inclusie (GKDI), maar op het professionaliseren van de actieteams. Het doel was om hen in staat te stellen voortdurend te werken aan het creëren van een inclusieve leer- en werkomgeving.
Empowerment has become a hegemonic moral horizon and key modality of governance across the global South and the global North. Whether in the realm of development or in that of welfare and urban governance, a broad range of actors, from local NGOs to social professionals and international donors, now envision the empowerment of local communities as a crucial condition and means for achieving good governance and social justice (Cruikshank 1999; Rose 1996). Anthropologists and development scholars – including ourselves – often find themselves ambivalently positioned in relation to such projects of empowerment. In this essay, we turn to the hesitancies and experimental practices of our research interlocuters in two urban settings saturated by a ‘will to empower’ (Cruikshank 1999). During ten months in the year 2017, Anick followed the everyday practices of family workers in three community centers and neighborhood associations in the northeast of Paris, who were tasked to help working-class and migrant-background parents regain confidence and agency vis-à-vis state institutions. Like the parents with whom they worked, many of these family workers hailed from the banlieue themselves and were of migrant backgrounds. Naomi worked with 15 male former gang leaders in Mombasa (Kenya) who sought to reform themselves to escape police violence. Naomi’s interlocutors were between 16 and 28 years old and worked closely with their friend Hasso during 2019 and 2022. In this period, Naomi conducted eight months of ethnographic fieldwork with these young men and with Hasso, during which she observed their weekly meetings and the individual lives of several group members, and she conducted life history interviews with five of them. These two cases thus figure actors who were differently positioned in relation to the will to empower.
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