Adequate gross motor skills are an essential aspect of a child’s healthy development. Where physical education (PE) is part of the primary school curriculum, a strong curriculum-based emphasis on evaluation and support of motor skill development in PE is apparent. Monitoring motor development is then a task for the PE teacher. To fulfill this task, teachers need adequate tools. The 4-Skills Scan is a quick and easily manage- able gross motor skill instrument; however, its validity has never been assessed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the construct and concurrent validity of both 4-Skills Scans (version 2007 and version 2015). A total of 212 primary school children (6-12 years old) was requested to participate in both versions of the 4-Skills Scan. For assessing construct validity, children covered an obstacle course with video recordings for observation by an expert panel. For concurrent validity, a comparison was made with the M-ABC-2, by calculating Pearson correlations. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to determine the contribution of each subscale to the construct of gross motor skills, according to the M-ABC-2 and the expert panel. Correlations between the 4-Skills Scans and expert valuations were moderate, with coefficients of .47 (version 2007) and .46 (version 2015). Correlations between the 4-Skills Scans and the M-ABC-2 (gross) were moderate (.56) for version 2007 and high (.64) for version 2015. It is concluded that both versions of the 4-Skills Scans are satis- factory valid instruments for assessing gross motor skills during PE lessons.
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In de afgelopen jaren hebben De Haagse Hogeschool en de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam samen onderzoek gedaan naar een motoriektest die praktisch toepasbaar is in de gymles. In dit onderzoek is nauw samengewerkt met LO-docenten en buurtsportcoaches. Het resultaat is de MQ Scan; een wetenschappelijk verantwoorde en praktisch toepasbare motoriektest. In dit artikel wordt het belang van meten van motoriek, de inhoud van de MQ Scan en het onderzoek naar de MQ Scan besproken.
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In The Netherlands, the 4-Skills Scan is an instrument for physical education teachers to assess gross motor skills of elementary school children. Little is known about its reliability. Therefore, in this study the test–retest and inter-rater reliability was determined. Respectively, 624 and 557 Dutch 6- to 12-year-old children were analyzed for test re-test and inter-rater reliability. All tests took place within the school setting. The outcome measure was age-expected motor performance (in years). Results showed a small practice effect of .24 years for re-test sessions and assessment of motor skills was possible with acceptable precision (standard error of measurement = .67 years). Overall, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was .93 (95% confidence interval: .92–.95) for test–retest reliability and .97 for inter-rater reliability. For the repeated measures, the smallest detectable change (SDC) was 1.84 and limits of agreement were –1.60 and 2.08 years. It can be concluded that the 4-Skills Scan is a reliable instrument to assess gross motor skills in elementary school children.
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BackgroundThe closing of schools and sports clubs during the COVID-19 lockdown raised questions about the possible impact on children’s motor skill development. Therefore, we compared motor skill development over a one-year period among four different cohorts of primary school children of which two experienced no lockdowns during the study period (control cohorts) and two cohorts experienced one or two lockdowns during the study period (lockdown cohorts).MethodsA total of 992 children from 9 primary schools in Amsterdam (the Netherlands) participated in this study (age 5 – 7; 47.5% boys, 52.5% girls). Their motor skill competence was assessed twice, first in grade 3 (T1) and thereafter in grade 4 (T2). Children in control group 1 and lockdown group 1 were assessed a third time after two years (T3). Motor skill competence was assessed using the 4-Skills Test, which includes 4 components of motor skill: jumping force (locomotion), jumping coordination (coordination), bouncing ball (object control) and standing still (stability). Mixed factorial ANOVA’s were used to analyse our data.ResultsNo significant differences in motor skill development over the study period between the lockdown groups and control groups (p > 0.05) were found, but a difference was found between the two lockdown groups: lockdown group 2 developed significantly better than lockdown group 1 (p = 0.008). While socioeconomic status was an effect modifier, sex and motor ability did not modify the effects of the lockdowns.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 lockdowns in the Netherlands did not negatively affect motor skill development of young children in our study. Due to the complexity of the factors related to the pandemic lockdowns and the dynamic systems involved in motor skill development of children, caution must be taken with drawing general conclusions. Therefore, children’s motor skill development should be closely monitored in the upcoming years and attention should be paid to individual differences.
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Sinds oktober 2011 werken de ICT-afdelingen van een aantal noordelijke (semi-)publieke organisaties samen onder de naam Samenwerking Noord. Gezamenlijk streven zij naar aantrekkelijk werkgeverschap voor ICT-ers in het Noorden en daarmee te anticiperen op (toekomstige) krapte op de ICT-arbeidsmarkt. In opdracht van Samenwerking Noord heeft het Kenniscentrum Arbeid van de Hanzehogeschool Groningen (KCA) een verkennend onderzoek uitgevoerd naar het ICT-personeel van de deelnemende organisaties. Doel van het onderzoek is om inzicht te krijgen in de gemeenschappelijke, actuele en verwachte knelpunten van de organisaties ten aanzien van hun ICT-personeel. Dit inzicht moet een basis bieden om te komen tot concrete samenwerkingsactiviteiten. Het rapport beschrijft de opzet, uitvoering en uitkomsten van het onderzoek
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We investigated to what extent correctional officers were able to apply skills from their self-defence training in reality-based scenarios. Performance of nine self-defence skills were tested in different scenarios at three moments: before starting the self-defence training programme (Pre-test), halfway through (Post-test 1), and after (Post-test 2). Repeated measures analyses showed that performance on skills improved after the self-defence training. For each skill, however, there was a considerable number of correctional officers (range 4–73%) that showed insufficient performance on Post-test 2, indicating that after training they were not able to properly apply their skills in reality-based scenarios. Reality-based scenarios may be used to achieve fidelity in assessment of self-defence skills of correctional officers.Practitioner summary: Self-defence training for correctional officers must be representative for the work field. By including reality-based scenarios in assessment, this study determined that correctional officers were not able to properly apply their learned skills in realistic contexts. Reality-based scenarios seem fit to detect discrepancies between training and the work field. Abbreviations: DJI: Dutch National Agency for Correctional Insitutes; ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient.
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The goal of this cross-sectional study was to further explore the relationships between motor competence, physical activity, perceived motor competence, physical fitness and weight status in different age categories of Dutch primary school children. Participants were 2068 children aged 4 to 13 years old, divided over 9 age groups. During physical education classes, they completed the 4-Skills Test, a physical activity questionnaire, versions of the Self-Perception Profile for Children, Eurofit test and anthropometry measurements. Results show that all five factors included in the analyses are related to each other and that a tipping point exists at which relations emerge or strengthen. Physical fitness is related to both motor competence and physical activity and these relationships strengthen with age. A relationship between body mass index and the other four factors emerges in middle childhood. Interestingly, at a young age, motor competence and perceived motor competence are weakly related, but neither one of these have a relation with physical activity. In middle childhood, both motor competence and perceived motor competence are related to physical activity. Our findings show that children in late childhood who have higher perceived motor competence are also more physically active, have higher physical fitness, higher motor competence and lower body mass index. Our results indicate that targeting motor competence at a young age might be a feasible way to ensure continued participation in physical activities throughout childhood and adolescence.
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A hospital visit is often an anxious and uncertain event for patients andtheir relatives. Patients are often concerned about a diagnosis and/or thetreatment of their disease in an outpatient or inpatient setting. In thesehospital settings, the impact of the environment on patients is still notwell understood. Knowledge regarding the inuence of the hospitalenvironment on patients is essential for facilitating the quality of healthcare. Understanding the experience of patients will allow designers anddecision-makers in hospitals to positively inuence the well-being ofpatients.The aim of this thesis was to gain an improved understanding about amore holistic experience and well-being of patients at specic focalpoints of the entire patient journey from the arrival, to the diagnosis, andto the actual treatment in a hospital. For example, results showed thatpatients sometimes experience diculties in finding their way to anoutpatient clinic, that nature projection during a CT-scan can reduceanxiety, and that (the opportunity of) interaction with other patients is apleasant distraction or, on the contrary, an invasion of their own privacy.Understanding patients' experiences during the patient journey enableshospitals to make more informed decisions about space and serviceswhich enables us to improve experiences and well-being of patients inhospitals.This thesis emphasizes the relations between the hospital environmentand the psychosocial and physical well-being of patients. The resultsshow that it is of great importance to listen carefully to patients’experiences and needs when designing a hospital as many of the resultsshowed individual dierences with patients that emphasize that one sizedoes not t all. The well-being of patients in future hospitals can beimproved by aligning the hospital environment with individual patientcharacteristics, needs, and preferences.
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