This chapter discusses several aspects related to engineering methods in wind turbine design codes. Current engineering models for rotor aerodynamics topic are built around the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory. The Blade Element Momentum theory in itself is very basic, e.g., it is derived for two-dimensional, stationary, homogenous, and non-yawed conditions. For this reason, several engineering models have been developed which overcome these simplifications and which act as add-ons to the basic BEM theory. This chapter describes the BEM theory, the most important engineering add-ons, and an assessment of BEM with engineering add-ons with results from higher fidelity models and measurements.
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BACKGROUND: Since the benefit-harm balance of adding inhaled corticosteroids to long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is unclear, we evaluated this addition for a range of patient profiles. METHODS: Analyses considered the effects of low-to-moderate doses of inhaled corticosteroids, LABA, and LAMA compared with LABA and LAMA alone, outcome incidences, and preference weights assigned to averted moderate-to-severe exacerbations (benefit) and severe pneumonia, candidiasis, and dysphonia (harm). Using exponential models, we estimated the preference weight-adjusted 2-year net clinical benefit (ie, benefits outweighing harms) indices. Exacerbation risk thresholds for triggering inhaled corticosteroids, LABA, and LAMA were established when the probability of a 2-year net clinical benefit reached 60%. We estimated the proportion of patients benefiting from added inhaled corticosteroids using an externally validated prediction model for acute exacerbations in primary care. FINDINGS: Adding low-to-moderate dose inhaled corticosteroids to LABA and LAMA provided a net clinical benefit in patients with a 2-year baseline exacerbation risk of 54-83%. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids showed a net clinical benefit if the baseline risk was 40-91%, but not at higher doses. The benefit was modified by blood eosinophil count (BEC) and age. Although no net benefit was associated with a BEC of less than 150 cells per μL, patients with a BEC of 150 cells per μL or more had a net benefit from low-dose inhaled corticosteroids with a 2-year exacerbation risk of 32-95% in those aged 40-79 years and 41-93% in those older than 80 years. A moderate dose of inhaled corticosteroids showed a net benefit in patients younger than 80 years with a BEC of 150 cells per μL or more at 52-86% 2-year exacerbation risk. Depending on the subgroups, the proportion of patients with a net benefit from added inhaled corticosteroids ranged from 0 to 68%. INTERPRETATION: The net clinical benefit of adding different inhaled corticosteroid doses to LABA and LAMA varies greatly with exacerbation risk, BEC, and age. Personalised treatment decisions based on these factors and predicted exacerbation risks might reduce overtreatment and undertreatment with inhaled corticosteroids.None.
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Energy transition is key to achieving a sustainable future. In this transition, an often neglected pillar is raising awareness and educating youth on the benefits, complexities, and urgency of renewable energy supply and energy efficiency. The Master Energy for Society, and particularly the course “Society in Transition”, aims at providing a first overview on the urgency and complexities of the energy transition. However, educating on the energy transition brings challenges: it is a complex topic to understand for students, especially when they have diverse backgrounds. In the last years we have seen a growing interest in the use of gamification approaches in higher institutions. While most practices have been related to digital gaming approaches, there is a new trend: escape rooms. The intended output and proposed innovation is therefore the development and application of an escape room on energy transition to increase knowledge and raise motivation among our students by addressing both hard and soft skills in an innovative and original way. This project is interdisciplinary, multi-disciplinary and transdisciplinary due to the complexity of the topic; it consists of three different stages, including evaluation, and requires the involvement of students and colleagues from the master program. We are confident that this proposed innovation can lead to an improvement, based on relevant literature and previous experiences in other institutions, and has the potential to be successfully implemented in other higher education institutions in The Netherlands.
Hout is een veelgebruikt duurzaam (bouw)materiaal met belangrijke ecologische voordelen: Het is hernieuwbaar en fungeert als CO2-opslag. Een nadeel van hout is echter dat het alleen met verspanende technieken (draaien, frezen, zagen) verwerkt kan worden, hetgeen veel houtafval veroorzaakt. Daarbij wordt het afval en hout dat ongeschikt is als constructiemateriaal slechts ingezet in laagwaardige toepassingen of verbrand. Afgezien van het gebruik van houtvezels als filler materiaal bij 3D-printen van kunststoffen, wordt 3D-printen van hout(afval) nog niet toegepast, hoewel dit wel mogelijk is: Alle plantaardige materialen bevatten natuurlijke polymeren, lignine en cellulose, welke voor mechanische eigenschappen zorgen. Door deze polymeren uit plantaardige materialen te scheiden kunnen deze, met behulp van enkele additieven, in een thermoplastisch verwerkbaar materiaal worden omgezet dat extrudeerbaar is. Door de locatie van de extruder te manipuleren en hier laagsgewijs een object mee te maken ontstaat een additive manufacturing (AM) proces: een 3D ‘hout’printer! Naast materiaalefficiëntie biedt AM unieke voordelen, namelijk grote vormvrijheid en de mogelijkheid van seriematige enkelstuksproductie. Indien gecombineerd met de ontwerptechnieken parametrisch en topologische ontwerpen zijn vergaande optimalisaties van materiaalgebruik en productvariaties mogelijk. Met AM ontstaat zodoende een enorm nieuw spectrum van hoogwaardige toepassingsmogelijkheden voor hout(afval). In dit projectvoorstel wordt via de driehoek van ‘materiaal – proces – toepassing’ simultaan onderzoek gedaan naar: (1) Geschikte combinaties (blends) van cellulose en lignine om mee te kunnen extruderen; (2) Het ontwikkelen van een 3D-printproces en setup voor het verwerken van deze materiaal-combinaties; (3) Het identificeren van geschikte toepassingen. Geschikte toepassingen worden beïnvloed door materiaaleigenschappen en het printproces. Beide aspecten hebben ook onderlinge wisselwerking. Daarom wordt binnen casestudies van mogelijke toepassingen de onderlinge invloed integraal onderzocht. De doelstelling is daarbij om een werkende 3D ‘hout’printer met een werkend receptuur te ontwikkelen en de haalbaarheid van innovatieve, duurzame en voor de markt relevante toepassingen aan te tonen middels cases.
Our unilateral diet has resulted in a deficiency of specific elements/components needed for well-functioning of the human body. Especially the element magnesium is low in our processed food and results in neuronal and muscular malfunctioning, problems in bone heath/strength, and increased chances of diabetes, depression and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it has also been recognized that magnesium plays an important role in cognitive functioning (impairment and enhancement), especially for people suffering from neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson disease, Alzheimer, etc). Recently, it has been reported that magnesium addition positively effects sleep and calmness (anti-stress). In order to increase the bioavailability of magnesium cations, organic acids such as citrate, glycerophosphate and glycinate are often used as counterions. However, the magnesium supplements that are currently on the market still suffer from low bio-availability and often do not enter the brain significantly.The preparation of dual/multiple ligands of magnesium in which the organic acid not only functions as a carrier but also has synergistically/complementary biological effects is widely unexplored and needs further development. As a result, there is a strong need for dual/multiple magnesium supplements that are non-toxic, stable, prepared via an economically and ecologically attractive route, resulting in high bioavailability of magnesium in vivo, preferably positively influencing cognition/concentration
Lectorate, part of NHL Stenden Hogeschool
Lectorate, part of NHL Stenden Hogeschool
