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Cognitive and emotional processes that promote and obstruct a succesful outcome after bariatric surgery for morbid obesity

De studies in dit proefschrift onderzochten cognitieve en emotionele factoren die een goede gewichtsuitkomst na bariatrische chirurgie bevorderen of belemmeren. Vrijwel alle variabelen, inclusief de psychologische, laten vóór operatie een veel slechtere toestand zien dan ná operatie. Dit wijst erop dat na bariatrische chirurgie niet alleen het gewicht en bijbehorende chronische ziekten verminderen, maar ook er ook een verbetering optreedt van het algemeen functioneren, de kwaliteit van leven en de cognities.Een uitgangspunt van dit proefschrift was dat handvatten om de gewichtsuitkomst van bariatrische chirurgie te verbeteren gevonden konden worden door het bestuderen van cognities en emotionele factoren die eetgedrag van de patiënten beïnvloeden. De psychologische aspecten, zelfregulatie cognities, uitkomstverwachtingen en tevredenheid met de operatie blijken echter geen voorspellers voor de korte en lange termijn gewichtsuitkomsten na bariatrische chirurgie, terwijl ze dat wel zijn bij patiënten met overgewicht en obesitas die een niet-operatieve behandeling ondergaan. De enige voorspeller voor meer gewichtsverlies op de lange termijn na bariatrische chirurgie is een lage mentale kwaliteit van leven. Patiënten met een lagere mentale kwaliteit van leven vóór operatie en één jaar na operatie (= korte termijn) hadden meer gewichtsverlies op de lange termijn. De eerste implicatie uit het onderzoek van dit proefschrift is dat algemene psychologische theorieën uit de Gezondheidspsychologie niet automatisch gelden voor patiënten bariatrische chirurgie. Morbide obese mensen die zich aanmelden voor bariatrische chirurgie en de operatie ondergaan, verschillen duidelijk van mensen met overgewicht die een niet-operatieve behandeling krijgen. Dat het gewichtsverlies na bariatrische chirurgie onafhankelijk is van preoperatieve zelfregulatie cognities, uitkomstverwachtingen en tevredenheid met de operatie, impliceert dat preoperatieve psychologische variabelen niet gebruikt kunnen worden als criterium om te voorspellen welke patiënten veel gewichtsverlies zullen bereiken dan wel aanvullende zorg, voorlichting of therapie nodig zullen hebben. De tweede implicatie is dat patiënten met een betere mentale kwaliteit van leven vóór en ná operatie het risico lopen minder gewichtsverlies op de lange termijn te bereiken. Het bariatrisch-chirurgisch team zou zich bewust moeten zijn dat het bereiken van gewichtsverlies en gewichtstabilisatie juist voor de patiënten met een betere mentale kwaliteit van leven wat moeilijker kan zijn en dat ook deze patiënten voldoende begeleiding en aandacht nodig hebben.

Improvement of limb volumes after bariatric surgery in morbid obese lymphedema patients

Quality of life before and after bariatric surgery. In F. Columbus (ed.), Gastric Bypass: Surgical Procedures, Health Effects and Common Complications

Obesity, especially morbid obesity, is a major health problem with considerable impact on physical, mental and social quality of life. Assessment of quality of life is considered crucial to understand and evaluate the consequences of obesity. However, the heterogeneity of the quality of life concept makes it difficult to compare and value studies on quality of life. Both generic -applying to any disease- and obesity specific quality of life instruments can be used as assessment instruments in obesity. Generic instruments have the advantage that they can be used to compare the quality of life consequences of divergent diseases, whereas the major advantage of obesity specific instruments is that these are more sensitive to changes in obesity. Obesity has major consequences for quality of life, as a result of co-morbidities of obesity, weight stigmatization, and other less frequently ventilated problems. Bariatric surgery has been proven to lead to significant weight loss and improvement of quality of life. Instruments differ in the suitability to assess quality of life after surgery and weight loss, and they differ in the domains of quality of life that are tapped by the instruments. Besides obesity, also personal and psychosocial variables influence quality of life and affect the outcome of surgery. Obesity, even after substantial weight loss by gastric bypass surgery, is a chronic disease requiring life long consideration, in order to attain long standing quality of life improvement.

Improvement of Limb Volumes after Bariatric Surgery in Nine End-Stage Primary, Secondary, and Obesity-Induced Lymphedema Patients

Background: Lymphedema (LE) is a chronic condition of swelling due to lymphatic impairment and is characterized by edema and fibro-adipose tissue deposition. LE may be caused by an anomalous development of the lymphatic system, known as primary LE, or may develop secondary to traumatic, infectious, or other external events. Knowledge is increasing about the plural and bidirectional relationship between LE and obesity. The rate of obesity is increasing worldwide, and bariatric surgery offers the most effective and durable treatment, as this surgery exhibits positive effects on many obesity-related diseases. We explored whether bariatric surgery could improve leg volumes in morbidly obese LE patients. Methods and Results: Between 2013 and 2019, 829 patients were hospitalized in our Center of Expertise for Lymphovascular Medicine for intensive treatment of their LE. Nine patients with end-stage primary, secondary, or obesity-induced LE underwent a bariatric procedure related to their morbid obesity. Data concerning age, gender, medical diagnosis, LE stage, type of bariatric treatment, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and limb volumes were retrospectively collected from the patient files. At the individual patient level, body weight, BMI, leg volumes, and their percent reduction between presurgery and postsurgery were calculated. At the group level, paired sample t-tests were conducted to compare the mean body weight, BMI, and volumes of both legs between postsurgery and presurgery. The data demonstrate a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, and leg volumes in morbidly obese end-stage primary, secondary, and obesity-induced LE patients following bariatric surgery. Conclusions: Our multiple case study indicates that bariatric surgery provides a good indication for concomitant treatment of morbid obesity and LE.

Physical Activity After Surgery for Severe Obesity: The Role of Exercise Cognitions

BackgroundPhysical activity after bariatric surgery is associated with sustained weight loss and improved quality of life. Some bariatric patients engage insufficiently in physical activity. This may be due to exercise cognitions, i.e., specific beliefs about benefits of and barriers to physical exercise. The aim of this study was to examine whether and to what extent both physical activity and exercise cognitions changed at 1 and 2 years post-surgery and whether exercise cognitions predict physical activity.MethodsForty-two bariatric patients (38 women, 4 men; mean age 38 ± 8 years, mean body mass index prior to surgery 47 ± 6 kg/m2) filled out self-report instruments to examine physical activity and exercise cognitions pre- and post-surgery.ResultsA large increase in physical activity and favorable changes in exercise cognitions were observed after surgery, viz. a decrease of fear of injury and embarrassment and an increase of the perception of exercise benefits and confidence in exercising. Perceiving less exercise benefits and having less confidence in exercising before surgery predicted less physical activity 2 years after surgery. High fear of injury 1 year after surgery predicted less physical activity 2 years after surgery.ConclusionsAfter bariatric surgery, favorable changes in physical activity and beliefs about the benefits and barriers of exercising are observed. Our results suggest that targeting exercise cognitions before and after surgery might be relevant to improve physical activity.

Physical activity after surgery for severe obesity: the role of exercise cognitions

Background Physical activity after bariatric surgery is associated with sustained weight loss and improved quality of life. Some bariatric patients engage insufficiently in physical activity. The aim of this study was to examine whether and to what extent both physical activity and exercise cognitions have changed at one and two years post-surgery, and whether exercise cognitions predict physical activity. Methods Forty-two bariatric patients (38 women, 4 men; mean age 38 ± 8 years, mean body mass index prior to surgery 47 ± 6 kg/m²), filled out self-report instruments to examine physical activity and exercise cognitions pre- and post surgery. Results Moderate to large healthy changes in physical activity and exercise cognitions were observed after surgery. Perceiving less exercise benefits and having less confidence in exercising before surgery predicted less physical activity two years after surgery. High fear of injury one year after surgery predicted less physical activity two years after surgery. Conclusion After bariatric surgery, favorable changes in physical activity and exercise cognitions are observed. Our results suggest that targeting exercise cognitions before and after surgery might be relevant to improve physical activity.