In de crisisjaren stond de investeringsbereidheid van bedrijven op een laag pitje en bouwden ze grote kasvoorraden op. Daar komt nu een einde aan.
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In the aftermath of the systemic financial crises of 2007-9, several scholars argued that the problem of systemic financial crises is not well understood. At the same time, the introduction of digital technologies led to new threats and opportunities for the design of the monetary and financial system. For example, thousands of private cryptocurrencies have been implemented and hundreds of research papers on the (possible) introduction of public digital currencies have been published. It is often not explained why these new forms of digital money are needed and which (systemic) problems they (can) solve. In addition, the literature does not provide requirements nor guidelines to shape the development of the monetary and financial system in the digital age. This thesis applies design science to the monetary and financial system as a whole. The application of this novel methodology offers new possibilities to examine this complex system. The contribution of this thesis is threefold. First, different theories on money, banking and systemic financial crises have been researched through an extensive literature review and balance sheets. Second, those theories have been used to develop design requirements and guidelines. Finally, the consensus and pivotal dissensions about the systemic problem(s) of the current monetary and financial system, requirements and guidelines among experts have been identified through semistructured interviews. This research process results in widely supported requirements that demarcate the design space and widely supported guidelines that aim to give direction within the design space, that is, to the future development of the monetary and financial system.
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Iedereen kan door uitgeven schuldtitels 'geld' maken.
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The recent bank collapses and bailouts highlight the fragility of the banking system and our bank deposits. The digital euro is an opportunity to reconfigure our monetary system to serve the interests of people and society, by making money safer and more inclusive. However, the European Central Bank’s (ECB) current proposal for a digital euro falls short of this potential. The current plan relies heavily on private financial intermediaries and envisions putting important limitations on the use of digital euros, thereby impacting its capacity to be a universally accessible public good and risking undermining the uptake of the digital euro. By heeding to the bank lobby and baking their interests into the design of the digital euro, the ECB is missing an opportunity to develop an appealing and public digital alternative to private bank deposits. The digital euro must be developed with the aim of benefiting people and society over private interests, and these considerations should guide its design. In the short term, the digital euro should: 1. Be universally accessible. People should be able to access digital euros through a diverse range of intermediaries, which include non-profit and public entities. Implementing a tiered identification system for account-based digital euros, and introducing a value-based option, would ensure the availability of digital euros to the most vulnerable segments of society. 2. Be free of cost for users. Any future legislative framework on the digital euro should include a list of basic services that should be provided for free to users, such as opening and managing an account and the provision of a payment instrument (e.g. a card). 3. Offer a high level of privacy and data protection. Cash, which is fully anonymous, should be used as the baseline when developing the digital euro. A value-based option should be introduced alongside an account-based one, and it should be designed to be fully anonymous. For the account-based option, a ‘privacy threshold’ can ensure that users’ data for small transactions is protected. 4. Have a clear European Central Bank branding. Clear branding will help to differentiate public digital euros from private bank deposits. 5. Bring resilience to the payment system. By providing an offline value-based option, and by ensuring that the digital euro’s legal and technical core infrastructure is public and works independently of any private system, we can offer an alternative to existing payment rails and increase resiliency in case of outages. The digital euro is also an opportunity to improve financial stability by transforming the banking system, and helping central banks to more effectively carry out their monetary policy. The design of the digital euro should be flexible enough to allow for the achievement of these longterm goals, and more research should be conducted to explore how different features could help achieve them. For instance, a digital euro without any holding limit could reduce moral hazard in the banking sector, and the adjustment of interest rates on digital euro deposits and direct monetary transfers could improve the transmission of monetary policy.
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Dit boek geeft een uitgebreide beschrijving en interpretatie van de kredietcrisis zoals die in het najaar van 2008 plaats vond. De inhoud betreft een zeer ingewikkelde en veelzijdige materie die op een duidelijke wijze is weergegeven, waarbij theorie en de praktijk bij elkaar komen. Het bevat enerzijds veel informatie over de kredietcrisis en anderzijds een veelzijdigheid aan onderwerpen zoals: waarderingsgrondslagen, financieringsstructuren, informatie, marketing (vooral promotie, sponsoring, merkenstrategie), integriteit, moral hazard, wilsgebreken, aansprakelijkheid, politiek, risico's, risicomanagement en beloningsstructuren. Het onderwerp beslaat de basis van onze economie, namelijk het vertrouwen in onze samenleving en daarmee transparantie en integriteit. De veelzijdigheid van het onderwerp, de theoretische onderbouwingen, de vele praktijkcomponenten en de vele relevante afbeeldingen, maken van dit manifest een boek over de economie in praktijk. Doelgroepen voor dit zijn: de gedupeerden, de politici en beslissers in financiële instellingen, studenten en middelbare scholieren en alle overige geïnteresseerden. Om het boek voor een breed publiek toegankelijk te houden, is de materie op een eenvoudige wijze beschreven waarbij gebruik wordt gemaakt van veel afbeeldingen en eenvoudig taalgebruik.
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Het huidige financieelmonetair systeem is structureel instabiel en valt ten prooi aan overregulering. Daarnaast werkt het duurzaam heidsambities zoals de energie transitie tegen. De opkomst van digitale technologieën als internet, blockchain, smart contracts en big data maken het mogelijk om het systeem fundamenteel anders in te richten. Een publiek digitaal geldstelsel vormt een antwoord op de belangrijkste problemen. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/martijnjeroenvanderlinden/
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Current macro-economic textbooks provide a fatally misleading description of the money supply process in modern economies. Over the past 20 years Post Keynesian authors have established conclusively that despite strictly-enforced cash reserve requirements, changes in the supply of bank deposits are not determined exogenously by central bank open market operations, but are endogenously determined by changes in bank borrowers demand for credit. Nevertheless the vast majority of undergraduate macroeconomic textbooks continue to teach the highpowered-base money-multiplier paradigm that the supply of money is exogenously determined by the central bank. Few texts recognize that interest rate targeting renders the high-powered base endogenous. This paper summarizes the extent mainstream macroeconomic textbooks are locked in and sticky, and fail both in the teaching of monetary policy and in proper scientific discourse.
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This paper provides insights into the operational features of community-based financing mechanisms. These include CAF groups, which are self-financed communities where people save and lend money to each other. The implementation of such self-financed communities in the Netherlands is supported by Participatory Action Research (PAR). This paper discusses the first results of this research by exploring whether and how participation of group members can improve their well-being with regard to social networks, financial household management and entrepreneurial positioning based on the capability approach of Amartya Sen, a well-known economist. For this PAR, three groups were formed, guided, observed, analysed and compared. This paper demonstrates how solidarity economy processes at the grassroots level can contribute to the general well-being of vulnerable people in the Netherlands. For the particular context of overconsumption, inequality and overindebtedness, Sen’s notion of freedom will be reconsidered and adjusted.
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