The aim of the research-by-design project The Hackable City is to develop a research agenda and toolkit that explores the role of digital media technologies for new directions for urban planning and city-making. How can citizens, design professionals, local government institutions and others creatively use digital technologies in collaborative processes of urban planning and management? The project seeks to connect developments of, on the one hand, city municipalities that develop smart-city policies and testing these in ‘urban living labs’ and, on the other hand, networked smart-citizen initiatives of people innovating and shaping their own living environments. In this contribution we look at how self-builders in urban lab Buiksloterham in Amsterdam have become ‘hackers’ of their own city, cleverly shaping the future development of a brownfield neighbourhood in Amsterdam’s northern quarter.
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At the end of the 20th century, hacking was bleeding edge. When the ideas, practices and pranks of this experimental niche of technophiles attracted the attention of a handful of activists in Italy, they understood that information and communication were what would give shape and voice to social, political, and cultural processes in the near future.+KAOS is a cut and paste of interviews, like a documentary film transposed on paper. It describes the peculiar relationship between hacktivism and activism, in Italy and beyond, highlighting the importance of maintaining digital infrastructures. While this may not sound as glamorous as sneaking into a server and leaking data, it is a fundamental topic: not even the most emblematic group of hacktivists can operate without the services of radical server collectives.
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In the debate about smart cities, an alternative to a dominant top-down, tech-driven solutionist approach has arisen in examples of ‘civic hacking’. Hacking here refers to the playful, exploratory, collaborative and sometimes transgressive modes of operation found in various hacker cultures, this time constructively applied in the context of civics. It suggests a novel logic to organise urban society through social and digital media platforms, moving away from centralised urban planning towards a more inclusive process of city-making, creating new types of public spaces. This book takes this urban imaginary of a hackable city seriously, using hacking as a lens to explore examples of collaborative city-making enabled by digital media technologies. Five different perspectives are discussed. Hacking can be understood as (1) an ethos, a particular articulation of citizenship in the network era; (2) as a set of iterative and collaborative city-making practices, bringing out new roles and relations between citizens, (design) professionals and institutional actors; (3) a set of affordances of institutional structures that allow or discourage their appropriation; (4) a critical lens to bring in notions of democratic governance, power struggles and conflict of interests into the debate on collaborative city-making; and (5) a point of departure for action research. After a discussion of these themes, the various chapters in the book are briefly introduced. Taken together they contribute to a wider debate about practices of technology-enabled collaborative city-making, and the question how city hacking may mature from the tactical level of smart and often playful interventions to a strategic level of enduring impact.
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Longitudinal criminological studies greatly improved our understanding of the longitudinal patterns of criminality. These studies, however, focused almost exclusively on traditional types of offending and it is therefore unclear whether results are generalizable to online types of offending. This study attempted to identify the developmental trajectories of active hackers who perform web defacements. The data for this study consisted of 2,745,311 attacks performed by 66,553 hackers and reported to Zone-H between January 2010 and March 2017. Semi-parametric group-based trajectory models were used to distinguish six different groups of hackers based on the timing and frequency of their defacements. The results demonstrated some common relationships to traditional types of crime, as a small population of defacers accounted for the majority of defacements against websites. Additionally, the methods and targeting practices of defacers differed based on the frequency with which they performed defacements generally.
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De uitbraak van het COVID-19 virus (i.e., coronavirus) in December 2019 in de Chinese stad Wuhan heeft een grote impact gehad op de manier van leven over de gehele wereld. Op 27 februari 2020 werd de eerste besmetting met het coronavirus in Nederland vastgesteld, waarna het aantal besmettingen snel opliep. Om de verdere verspreiding van het virus zo veel mogelijk te beperken werden er in Nederland – net als in de vrijwel alle andere landen –diverse vrijheid beperkende maatregelen ingesteld. Van 23 maart 2020 tot 1 mei 2020 gold in Nederland een zogenaamde ‘intelligente lockdown’ en werden mensen gevraagd om afstand van elkaar te houden, zo veel mogelijk thuis te blijven en werken, en werden scholen, sportclubs, horeca en winkels gesloten. In de twee jaar na de start van deze intelligente lockdown volgden er verschillende periodes met op- en afschalingen van restricties, waaronder nog twee ‘harde lockdowns’ die ingingen in december 2020 en december 2021. Vanzelfsprekend hebben deze maatregelen een grote invloed gehad op onze manier van leven en werken en hebben er waarschijnlijk nog nooit zoveel Nederlanders tegelijk vanuit huis gewerkt als tijdens de coronacrisis. Dit heeft ook geleid tot veranderingen op het gebied van criminaliteit. In het eerste jaar van de coronapandemie lag het aantal geregistreerde misdrijven in Nederland ongeveer 6 procent lager dan in dezelfde periode in het jaar daarvoor, waarbij de verschillen het grootst waren tijdens de periodes met de strengste maatregelen (i.e., de intelligente lockdown en harde lockdown). Deze daling in geregistreerde criminaliteit was met name duidelijk terug te vinden onder misdrijven die doorgaans gepleegd worden als het slachtoffer niet in zijn of haar eigen huis is, zoals woninginbraak, zakkenrollenrij en fietsendiefstal (Kruisbergen et al., 2021). Voor huiselijk geweld, wat doorgaans binnen het eigen huis(houden) plaatsvindt, werd juist gevreesd voor een toename, maar deze lijkt achterwege te zijn gebleven in Nederland (Coomans et al., 2022). Ook hebben verschillende experts in de media gewezen op de cyberrisico’s van thuiswerken.1 Dit is in het bijzonder voor midden- en kleinbedrijven (mkb) zeer relevant omdat mkb-bedrijven de ruggengraat vormen van de Nederlandse economie (zij zijn verantwoordelijk voor 63% van het Bruto Binnenlands Product, 71% van de werkgelegenheid, en een totale omzet van 1023 miljard euro)2 , terwijl we ook weten dat deze groep bedrijven relatief vaak slachtoffer wordt van cyberaanvallen en weinig middelen ter beschikking heeft om zich hiertegen te wapenen (Leukfeldt, 2018). Tegelijkertijd zijn mkb-bedrijven waarschijnlijk niet goed ingericht op het ondersteunen van (massaal) thuiswerken en hebben daarom in allerijl en met veelal beperkte middelen moeten improviseren om het thuiswerken mogelijk te maken. Dit onderzoek richt zich daarom op de vraag in hoeverre de uitbraak van het coronavirus en de daarmee gepaard gaande toename in thuiswerken gedurende de pandemie geleid hebben tot meer cyberonveiligheid voor zowel burgers als het mkb en wat we hiervan kunnen leren voor de toekomst. Hierbij kijken we naar de aard en omvang van dreigingen en incidenten en naar de impact die incidenten hebben gehad. Dit geeft inzicht in de wijze waarop plotselinge verschuivingen van offline naar online activiteiten leiden tot nieuwe cyberrisico’s en is voor het mkb van groot belang om te kunnen beoordelen welke maatregelen zij kunnen en moeten nemen ten tijde van crises en wat die maatregelen mogen kosten. Uit eerder onderzoek weten we dat mkb-bedrijven weinig inzicht hebben in cyberrisico’s (doordat aard en omvang vaak onduidelijk zijn) en daardoor niet weten welke maatregelen zij moeten treffen (Notte et al., 2019). Daarnaast hebben mkb-bedrijven vaak weinig middelen en kennis in huis om zich goed te kunnen wapenen tegen cybercriminelen. Drie onderzoeksvragen staan dan ook centraal in dit onderzoek: 1) In hoeverre is de aard en omvang van cybercriminaliteit veranderd tijdens de coronapandemie? 2) Wat waren de gevolgen van slachtofferschap van cybercriminaliteit tijdens de coronapandemie? 3) Is er een relatie tussen veranderingen in internetgebruik en slachtofferschap van cybercriminaliteit tijdens de coronapandemie? Om deze vragen te beantwoorden analyseren we in fase 1 van dit onderzoek eerst de bestaande literatuur en interviewen we tien experts van de politie, cybersecuritybedrijven en andere relevante stakeholders. De literatuurstudie en verkennende interviews gebruiken we vervolgens in fase 2 van dit onderzoek om een vragenlijst te ontwikkelen die we hebben uitgezet onder een steekproef van burgers en een steekproef van mkb’ers om de aard, omvang en impact van slachtofferschap in kaart te brengen.3 Hierdoor wordt een uniek beeld verkregen van de effecten van het coronavirus en veranderingen in ons internetgebruik.
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Criminologists have frequently debated whether offenders are specialists, in that they consistently perform either one offense or similar offenses, or versatile by performing any crime based on opportunities and situational provocations. Such foundational research has yet to be developed regarding cybercrimes, or offenses enabled by computer technology and the Internet. This study address this issue using a sample of 37 offender networks. The results show variations in the offending behaviors of those involved in cybercrime. Almost half of the offender networks in this sample appeared to be cybercrime specialists, in that they only performed certain forms of cybercrime. The other half performed various types of crimes on and offline. The relative equity in specialization relative to versatility, particularly in both on and offline activities, suggests that there may be limited value in treating cybercriminals as a distinct offender group. Furthermore, this study calls to question what factors influence an offender's pathway into cybercrime, whether as a specialized or versatile offender. The actors involved in cybercrime networks, whether as specialists or generalists, were enmeshed into broader online offender networks who may have helped recognize and act on opportunities to engage in phishing, malware, and other economic offenses.
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The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus in December 2019 and the restrictive measures that were implemented to slow down the spread of the virus have had a significant impact on our way of life. The sudden shift from offline to online activities and work may have resulted in new cybersecurity risks. The present study therefore examined changes in the prevalence, nature and impact of cybercrime among Dutch citizens and SME owners, during the pandemic. Qualitative interviews with ten experts working at various public and private organizations in the Netherlands that have insights into cybercrime victimization and data from victim surveys administrated in 2019 and 2021 were analyzed. The results show that there was only a small, non-statistically significant increase in the prevalence of cybercrime during the pandemic among citizens and SME owners. Nevertheless, the COVID-19 pandemic did have an impact on the modus operandi of cybercriminals: victims indicated that a considerable proportion of the offenses was related to the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in the case of online fraud. Moreover, the use of new applications and programs for work was associated with an increased risk of cybercrime victimization during the COVID-19 crisis. These results suggest that increases in rates of registered cybercrime that were found in previous studies might be the consequence of a reporting effect and that cybercriminals adapt their modus operandi to current societal developments.
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This chapter examines some of the challenges of unlearning anthropocentrism - i.e. the deep-seated cultural, psychological and enacted prejudices of human specialness - in nature-based early childhood education programs. We begin with a critical exploration of recent trends in environmental philosophy and the conservation sciences that seek to move beyond the so-called archaic notions of “wilderness” and “nature” towards more managerial models of human dominion over planetary “ecosystem services.” We suggest the trouble with these discursive moves is that they shirk from the courageous conversations required from environmental education in a time of ecological emergency. We conclude by drawing on research at nature-based schools in the Netherlands and Canada to illustrate the tenacity of anthropocentric “common-sense” and suggest the beginnings of pedagogy of childhoodnatures guided by notions of rewilding and ecological humility. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51949-4_40-1 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/
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Environmental or ‘green' education is an important driving force behind the ‘greening' of society as it plays a critical role in raising environmental awareness and preparing students for green jobs. None of the existing environmental attitudes and behavior measures is focused on the evaluation of green education, especially in relation to consumption. To date, no longitudinal studies of children and students' attitudes towards consumption influenced by education exist. Also, little has been done to explore the socio-cultural context in which attitudes toward consumption are being formed and to explain the cross-cultural differences in environmental attitudes. This pilot study is designed to take the first step towards developing methods complementing existing quantitative measurements with qualitative strategies, such as consumption diaries, focus groups, and concept mapping. While this research is just a first attempt to tackle children's knowledge and attitudes consumption, preliminary results of the research on which this chapter is based and enthusiasm of the research participants encourage the author to stress the importance of consumption studies as part of green education for educational program developers. As a chapter of this volume, the author hopes that this study will add to the anthropological depository of research on the cultural variants in the perception of the environment in children. This chapter draws upon the consumption diaries collected from the upper-elementary school children in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, between September 2009 and May 2010. Consumption diaries are chronological documents recording purchase, use, and waste of materials, which can be used both as analytical tools and the means to stimulate environmental awareness. The four main methodological steps involved in this research were as follows. Children were asked to complete the consumption diary, paying specific attention to use and waste materials. Consequently, focus group meetings were held with parents and their children to discuss the diaries. Finally, interviews with the children were conducted in order to generate statements that supplement those generated by focus groups for carrying out the concept mapping analysis. The concept mapping analysis was then conducted to organize the order and analyze the ideas expressed in the focus group and interview sessions. This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge/CRC Press in "Environmental Anthropology Today" on 8/5/11 available online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203806906 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/
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This open access book presents a selection of the best contributions to the Digital Cities 9 Workshop held in Limerick in 2015, combining a number of the latest academic insights into new collaborative modes of city making that are firmly rooted in empirical findings about the actual practices of citizens, designers and policy makers. It explores the affordances of new media technologies for empowering citizens in the process of city making, relating examples of bottom-up or participatory practices to reflections about the changing roles of professional practitioners in the processes, as well as issues of governance and institutional policymaking.
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