This chapter provides insight into the culturally-bound nature of ethical sensitivity by examining three case studies from different educational contexts: the Netherlands (n = 622), Finland (n = 864), and Iranian Kurdistan (n = 556). Ethical sensitivity was investigated with the Ethical Sensitivity Scale Questionnaire (Tirri & Nokelainen, 2007, 2011), and a four-factor model was found to capture the essential aspects of ethical sensitivity across culturally diverse contexts. Subsequently, the relationships among the four dimensions were examined in each case study. The analyses reveal that caring by connecting to others was a central dimension of ethical sensitivity across the three cases. Given the other dimensions of ethical sensitivity, the dimension of taking the perspective of others seemed particularly dependent on culture. The consequences of these results for moral education are discussed.
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Extended Reality (XR) technologies—including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR)—offer transformative opportunities for education by enabling immersive and interactive learning experiences. In this study, we employed a mixed-methods approach that combined systematic desk research with an expert member check to evaluate existing pedagogical frameworks for XR integration. We analyzed several established models (e.g., TPACK, TIM, SAMR, CAMIL, and DigCompEdu) to assess their strengths and limitations in addressing the unique competencies required for XRsupported teaching. Our results indicate that, while these models offer valuable insights into technology integration, they often fall short in specifying XR-specific competencies. Consequently, we extended the DigCompEdu framework by identifying and refining concrete building blocks for teacher professionalization in XR. The conclusions drawn from this research underscore the necessity for targeted professional development that equips educators with the practical skills needed to effectively implement XR in diverse educational settings, thereby providing actionable strategies for fostering digital innovation in teaching and learning.
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