The emergence of organic planning practices in the Netherlands introduces new, non-conventional, local actors initiating bottom-up urban developments. Dissatisfied with conventional practices and using opportunities during the 2008 financial crisis, these actors aim to create social value, thus challenging prevailing institutions. Intrigued by such actors becoming more present and influential in urban planning and development processes, we aim to identify who they are. We use social entrepreneurship and niche formation theories to analyse and identify three types of social entrepreneurs. The first are early pioneers, adopting roles of a developer and end-user, but lacking position and power to realize goals. Secondly, by acting as boundary spanners and niche entrepreneurs, they evolve towards consolidated third sector organizations in the position to realize developments. A third type are intermediate agents facilitating developments as boundary spanners and policy entrepreneurs, without pursuing urban development themselves but aiming at realizing broader policy goals. Our general typology provides a rich picture of actors involved in bottom-up urban developments by applying theories from domains of innovation management and business transition management to urban planning and development studies. It shows that the social entrepreneurs in bottom-up urban development can be considered the result of social innovation, but this social innovation is set within a neoliberal context, and in many cases passively or actively conditioned by states and markets.
MULTIFILE
The current western agrifood system is highly successful in providing for human needs. However, the dominant agricultural approach of up-scaling and specialisation is put under pressure by a number of developments in the global landscape. Global developments such as population growth, pollution, soil degradation and climate change, in which agriculture plays a crucial role, make the need for a transition towards a paradigm with a broader range of values evident. Niche initiatives often develop as a reaction to needs not fulfilled by the regime. Therefore, certain niches may have the potential of driving a necessary transition. This research aims to determine if permaculture, being a niche, has this potential. The main question for this research was formulated as follows: How can a production system based on permaculture principles contribute to the agrifood transition? To answer this question, relevant current trends and global developments were used as a basis for developing a future scenario. Empirical qualitative data on permaculture businesses in the Netherlands was gathered as well, of which the results were used for a determination of permaculture’s performance in this future scenario. This was done by comparing a standardised permaculture system with a conventional potato system. As a result of this comparison, the Unique Selling Points of permaculture were identified, which determine the future potential of permaculture.
DOCUMENT
This article proposes that identity formation and reformation are important dynamics that influence and are influenced by the course of a sustainability transition. We study identity (re-)formation in the transition of the dairy sector in a rural area in the Netherlands: the Green Heart. Soil subsidence, high emissions, and economic pressures require substantial changes in practices in the dairy sector and most importantly, the landscape that it is intertwined with. We use narrative analysis to study identity (re-)formation in two new stakeholder collectives that aim to address sustainability in the area. We identify discrepancies between the narratives in these collectives and the transition challenge. These discrepancies can be explained by the role that the landscape of the Green Heart plays in the identity (re-)formation within these collectives. The attachment to the current landscape forms a lock-in for the sustainability transition in this area.
DOCUMENT
The economic recession has hit especially hard the residential building sector in the EU region, e.g., the number of the housing completions has decreased -49% and the total residential output has been squeezed down by -24% between 2007 and 2014 (Euroconstruct, 2015). In turn, the aim of our paper is to suggest a set of radical, novel programmes for developing the national residential building sectors within EU member countries up to 2025. We have applied the framework of strategic niche management (SNM) to the diagnoses of the current portfolios of the innovation, R&D programs in our two member country contexts. In the case of the Northern Finland, the prime example is Hiukkavaara, the largest district to be built in the City of Oulu. Homes will be constructed for 20,000 new residents. Hiukkavaara is a model for climate- conscious design in the northern hemisphere. Energy and materials are conserved, nature is valued and human beings adapt to their environment. One sub-programme involves Future Buildings and Renewable Energy Project. In the case of the Netherlands, the prime example is Energiesprong (Energy Leap), i.e., the innovation programme commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of the Interior. The aim is to make buildings energy-neutral and boost large-scale initiatives. The sub-programmes are targeting homes owned by housing associations, privately owned homes, office buildings, shops and care institutions. This programme is about ensuring new supply by encouraging companies to package a variety of technical sub-solutions, full services and financing options as well as about asking clients to put out tenders and ask for quotes in novel ways, with the government making changes to the rules and the regulations. Experiences on which the Dutch case in this paper focuses are sub-programmes for residential buildings, which include de Stroomversnelling, LALOG and Ons Huis Verdient Het. Based on the emerging Finnish and Dutch evidence, we are suggesting key elements to be incorporated into future national residential programmes within EU member countries on: (1) radical direction with balanced stakeholder groups, trustworthy advocates, contextual goal-setting and barriers management, (2) radical networking with entrepreneurial roles and causal links, novel expertise, transparent choices and digital platforms and (3) radical learning processes to arrive at better informed markets on user preferences, co-innovating, new rules and regulations, higher performance/price ratios, higher quality, new roles and responsibilities assignments.
DOCUMENT
In veel onderzoeken naar en aanpakken in de energietransitie in Nederland, met name die waar bewonersinitiatieven een rol spelen, wordt vertrouwen als een belangrijke factor beschreven. In dit onderzoek wordt onderzocht welke bronnen van vertrouwen een rol spelen bij (de ontwikkeling) van lokale energie-initiatieven en hoe zich dat verhoudt tot de ontwikkeling van de technologie. Drie casussen (Terheijden (Traais Energie Collectief) en Den Haag, Vruchtenbuurt (Cooperatie Duurzame Vruchtenbuurt en Sterk op Stroom) zijn geanalyseerd op basis van de ANT-fasering: problematazation, interessement, enrollment en mobilization. Het is gebleken dat verschillende bronnen van vertrouwen en aspecten van techniek niet afhankelijk zijn van de fase in de netwerkontwikkeling maar als een constante in de drie geanalyseerde initiatieven zichtbaar zijn, het gaat om: • Mensen als bron van vertrouwen (Persoonlijke eigenschappen, Gedrag, Gedeelde normen en waarden/wereldbeeld) • Organisaties als bron van vertrouwen (Regels, Organisatie-Gedrag) • Het technische aspect learning to rethink: o Co-evolution o Discontinuous change o Multi-actor approach o Degree of organization o Long term view Bij de start van alle drie de initiatieven was er sprake van aansluiting zoeken bij bestaand vertrouwen in de lokale situatie. Dit is de basis van alle netwerkontwikkeling. Het succes van deze drie initiatieven zit juist in het verbinden van de bronnen van vertrouwen in mensen (hun persoonlijke eigenschappen, gedrag en wereldbeeld) en in de organisatie (organisatiegedrag) van het lokale energie-initiatief. Daarnaast is de vraag welke rol technologie speelt in relatie tot vertrouwen in de ontwikkeling van lokale energie initiatieven. Juist omdat het hierbij om de ontwikkeling van de energie initiatieven gaat en omdat hierbij sprake is van netwerkontwikkeling is gekozen voor ANT. Dit biedt de mogelijkheid om technologie als actor mee te nemen in de analyse van de ontwikkeling van het (energie initiatief) netwerk. Belangrijke vragen hierbij zijn; welke mogelijkheden van non human actoren worden toegepast en welke randvoorwaarden horen daarbij, bijvoorbeeld in de vorm van vereiste gedragsverandering van human actoren. Het uitgangspunt in deze studie is de transitie van fossiele naar hernieuwbare energie. Fossiele energie heeft een grote energie dichtheid en leent zich daarom goed voor actoren in de vorm van bulk technologieën, bijvoorbeeld in centraal opgestelde energiecentrales. Energieopwekking geconcentreerd en op afstand werkt vervreemdend en past niet meer goed in de huidige maatschappij (afnemend vertrouwen). Hernieuwbare energie kan ook in bulk-vorm worden toegepast, bijvoorbeeld in centraal opgestelde concentrated solar power plants op plaatsen met grote zonintensiteit. Hernieuwbare energie wordt echter vooral geassocieerd met decentrale opwekking. De decentrale energie opwekeenheden kunnen in modulaire systemen worden samengevoegd, en daar hangen specifieke voordelen aan voor end-users: de gemakkelijke toegankelijkheid en het beschikbare end-use potential. Dit vereist natuurlijk wel dat in het netwerk een geïntegreerd modulaire systeem wordt ontwikkeld. Dit kan alleen in een collectief, waardoor de human actors gedwongen worden samen te werken. Drie belangrijke processen hierbij zijn: formation of technical identity, configurational work en community building. Deze drie processen spelen een rol in de verschillende fasen van de netwerkontwikkeling. Daarnaast kunnen de genoemde technische learning to rethink aspecten over het geheel van de netwerkontwikkeling worden onderscheiden. In alle drie de bestudeerde casussen gaat het om decentrale modulaire energie systemen waarbij de toegankelijkheid is geborgd, maar waarbij het end-use potential alleen bij SoS centraal staat. Het geheel overziend leidt tot de conclusie dat technologie in collectieve vorm human actors dwingt tot samenwerking en dat daarbij vertrouwen tussen de actoren voorwaardelijk is. In alle drie de bestudeerde casussen wordt dit onderkend; het samenwerkingsproces wordt centraal gesteld en alle actoren worden betrokken (“iedereen doet mee”). Het feit dat het end-use potential bij Terheijden en Warm in de wijk nu niet centraal staat kan op termijn negatief uitpakken voor het vertrouwen, vooral als blijkt dat het achteraf niet gemakkelijk te realiseren is (lock in). In het algemeen kan over techniek nog het volgende worden gezegd. De geschiedenis heeft geleerd hoe human actors effectief om kunnen gaan met de actor techniek. Een belangrijke activiteit daarbij is ordening/structuur aanbrengen, en dit kan in verband worden gezien met organisaties als bron van vertrouwen (regels en organisatie-gedrag). In systeemkundige termen gaat het om; grenzen stellen, afbakenen, denken in materie-, energie- en informatiestromen, onderscheiden van functionaliteiten, input, output, opslag, omzetten, verbinden en regelen/besturen. In alle drie de bestudeerde casussen wordt deze ordening zorgvuldig toegepast, wordt informatie hierover gedeeld met alle actoren en worden alle actoren voldoende betrokken bij de besluitvorming. Dit draagt het bij aan vertrouwen bij alle actoren. Nog één keer terug naar het begrip “ontwikkeling”: De drie bestudeerde casussen hebben een unieke dynamiek en horizon, dit wordt vooral door de aard van de techniek beïnvloed. Sos loopt ver vooruit op de huidige stand van de techniek (en regelgeving) en is vooral een ICT-technische uitdaging, Terheijden en Warm in de wijk lopen in de pas met de techniek, maar moeten met de schop in de grond in een bestaande situatie. De manier waarop de drie organisaties bijbehorende problemen onderkennen en hiermee omgaan is een voorbeeld van organisaties als bronnen van vertrouwen. In de conclusie zijn de drie casussen als praktijkvoorbeelden beschreven. In Terheijden gaat het over de ontwikkeling van een warmtenetwerk voor het gehele dorp. Het wordt gebaseerd op hernieuwbare bronnen in de directe omgeving. Voor de initiatiefnemers en de bewoners is het belangrijk om “het zelf te gaan doen”. In Warm in de wijk gaat het ook over de ontwikkeling van een warmtenet, maar in dit geval in een woonwijk in Den Haag. Leidend hier is het uitgangspunt van een “open warmtenet”. Er moet een scheiding worden aangebracht tussen netwerk en warmtebronnen. Bij SoS gaat het over de toekomst van ons elektriciteit systeem. Er is nog een lange weg te gaan, maar uiteindelijk moet dit resulteren in een “goed werkend democratisch energisysteem”. Deze drie voorbeelden kunnen andere energie initiatieven inspiratie bieden omdat het beschrijvingen zijn van de ontwikkeling gericht op vertrouwen in relatie tot de gekozen technologie.
DOCUMENT
New Dutch agrifood business models are emerging in response to economic, social and ecological pressures: new players arrive, new logistical pathways come to the fore and innovative consumer and farmer relationships – food coöperatives – are forged. How do new business models relate to reconfiguring the Dutch agrifood system? Our research combines future exploration (backcasting) and analysis of new business models. We developed three agrifood transition scenarios with various groups of stakeholders. For each scenario, we then analysed a specific, representative business model to explore the different roles of business models in agrifood transition. Business models in the “Added value in and with the countryside” already exist and occupy a niche in the market. However, a breakthrough of these business models require large-scale institutional and behavioural change. Business models in the “New products, specific markets” exist but are rare. They usually concern high-value specialist products that could result in widespread market change, but might require little institutional change. The “Sustainable production methods” most resembles the current system. Some associated business models become successful, but they have difficulty distinguishing themselves from conventional produce, which raises questions about whether business models are able to drive a transition in this direction. Thus, our results lend credence to the hypothesis that different transition pathways offer specific potential for and requirements of new business models.
DOCUMENT
The municipality of Apeldoorn had polled the interest among its private home-owners to turn their homes energy neutral. Based on the enthusiastic response, Apeldoorn saw the launch of the Energy Apeldoorn (#ENEXAP) in 2011. Its goal was to convert to it technically and financially possible for privately owned homes to be refurbished and to energy neutral, taking the residential needs and wishes from occupants as the starting point. The project was called an Expedition, because although the goal was clear, the road to get there wasn’t. The Expedition team comprised businesses, civil-society organisations, the local university of applied sciences, the municipality of Apeldoorn, and of course, residents in a central role. The project was supported by Platform31, as part of the Dutch government’s Energy Leap programme. The #ENEXAP involved 38 homes, spread out through Apeldoorn and surrounding villages. Even though the houses were very diverse, the group of residents was quite similar: mostly middle- aged, affluent people who highly value the environment and sustainability. An important aspect of the project was the independent and active role residents played. In collaboration with businesses and professionals, through meetings, excursions, workshops and by filling in a step- by-step plan on the website, the residents gathered information about their personal situation, the energy performance of their home and the possibilities available for them to save and generate energy themselves. Businesses were encouraged to develop an integrated approach for home-owners, and consortia were set up by businesses to develop the strategy, products and services needed to meet this demand. On top of making minimal twenty from the thirty-eight houses in the project energy neutral, the ultimate goal was to boost the local demand for energy- neutral refurbishment and encourage an appropriate supply of services, opening up the (local) market for energy neutral refurbishment. This paper will reflect on the outcomes of this collective in the period 2011-2015.
DOCUMENT
Paper presented online at the International Sustainability Transitions conference 2020, Wien, Austria
DOCUMENT
In recent years, it has become a commonplace to argue that cities should be the focus point of sustainable development. Various authors have presented a variety of arguments why cities should be the preferred target to foster sustainable development-focused innovation; - The average consumption of resources of urban dwellers is higher. - The population of cities is growing continuously, while rural populations stabilize. - Deteriorating living conditions and segregation in cities caused by processes of gentrification of traditional neighbourhoods that drive out lower income groups to the suburbs. - Cities are ‘concentrated’ emitters of pollutants and therefore solutions and re-use might be easier to implement. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11185013 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/karel-mulder-163aa96/
MULTIFILE
Innovations are required in urban infrastructures due to the pressing needs for mitigating climate change and prevent resource depletion. In order to address the slow pace of innovation in urban systems, this paper analyses factors involved in attempts to introduce novel sanitary systems. Today new requirements are important: sanitary systems should have an optimal energy/climate performance, with recovery of resources, and with fewer emissions. Anaerobic digestion has been suggested as an alternative to current aerobic waste water treatment processes. This paper presents an overview of attempts to introduce novel anaerobic sanitation systems for domestic sanitation. The paper identifies main factors that contributed to a premature termination of such attempts. Especially smaller scale anaerobic sanitation systems will probably not be able to compete economically with traditional sewage treatment. However, anaerobic treatment has various advantages for mitigating climate change, removing persistent chemicals, and for the transition to a circular economy. The paper concludes that loss avoidance, both in the sewage system and in the waste water treatment plants, should play a key role in determining experiments that could lead to a transition in sanitation. http://dx.doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d6.0214 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/karel-mulder-163aa96/
MULTIFILE
