Een grote groep Nederlanders wordt jaarlijks slachtoffer van phishing. Burgers en bedrijven nemen echter in te beperkte mate zelfbeschermende maatregelen. In dit onderzoek wordt in kaart gebracht welke factoren bijdragen aan de intentie om zelfbeschermende maatregelen te nemen tegen phishing door drie risicogroepen, namelijk jongeren, ouderen en mkb’ers. We passen de Protection Motivation Theory toe, en onderbouwen een uitbreiding van dit model met twee factoren: affectieve respons en subjectieve normen. Data is verzameld middels vragenlijstonderzoek bij een panelbureau onder jongeren (N=1179), ouderen (N=1191) en mkb’ers (N=1020). De sterkste voorspeller voor de intentie tot het nemen van zelfbeschermende maatregelen tegen phishing bleek de affectieve respons (zorgen maken om phishing), gevolgd door een negatief effect van zelfeffectiviteit en positieve effecten van waargenomen ernst (jongeren en mkb’ers) en subjectieve norm (mkb’ers). Implicaties van de bevindingen voor handhavers en interventies worden besproken.
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Entrepreneurs are likely to be victims of ransomware. Previous studies have found that entrepreneurs tend to adopt few preventive measures, thereby increasing their chances of victimization. Due to a lack of research, however, not much is known about why entrepreneurs lack self-protective behaviors and how they can be encouraged to change said behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain, by means of an extended model of the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), the motivation for entrepreneurs using protective measures against ransomware in the future. The data for our study were collected thanks to a questionnaire that was answered by 1,020 Dutch entrepreneurs with up to 250 employees. Our Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis revealed that entrepreneurs are more likely to take preventive measures against ransomware if they perceive the risk of ransomware as severe (perceived severity), if they perceive their company as being vulnerable (perceived vulnerability), if they are concerned about the risks (affective response), and if they think that the people and companies around them expect them to apply preventive measures (subjective norms). However, if entrepreneurs think that they are capable of handling the risk (self-efficacy) and are convinced that their adopted preventive measures are effective (response efficacy), they are less likely to take preventive measures. Furthermore, for entrepreneurs that outsource IT security, the significant effect of perceived vulnerability and subjective norms disappears. The likelihood of entrepreneurs protecting their business against ransomware is thus influenced by a complex interplay of various motivational factors and is partly dependent on the business’ characteristics. Based on these findings, we will discuss security professionals’ prospects for increasing the cyber resilience of entrepreneurs, thus preventing cybercrime victimization.
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Background: Paratonia causes severe movement dysfunction in late stage dementia. Passive Movement Therapy (PMT) is often used to decrease high muscle tone, but the efficacy has never been shown. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of PMT on muscle tone after two and four weeks of treatment.Methods: This study comprised a multicenter single-blinded RCT. Nursing home residents with dementia (according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria) and moderate to severe paratonia were randomly assigned to either a PMT or control group. The PMT group received PMT three times a week over four weeks. The control group received no PMT. The primary outcome was the severity of paratonia as measured by the Modified Ashworth scale (MAS). Secondary outcomes were clinical change (Clinical Global Impression; CGI), caregiver's burden (modified patient specific complaints; PSC), and level of pain during morning care (Pain Assessment Checklist for Elderly with Limited Ability to Communicate, Dutch version; PACSLAC-D). All outcomes were assessed at baseline and after two and four weeks. The MAS, PACSLAC-D, and PSC data were subjected to multilevel mixed linear analysis, and the CGI data to cross-tabulation χ2 analysis.Results: One-hundred-and-one patients from 12 Dutch nursing homes participated in the study; data from 47 patients in the PME group and 54 controls were analyzed. Patients receiving PMT performed no better in paratonia assessments, nor on CGI, PSC, or PACSLAC-D, than controls in two and four week's time.Conclusion: PMT has no beneficial effects and should therefore not be recommended as an intervention in severe paratonia.Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN43069940
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BACKGROUND: Paratonia, a form of hypertonia, is associated with loss of mobility and with the development of contractures especially in the late stages of the dementia. Passive movement therapy (PMT) currently is the main physiotherapeutic intervention. General doubt about the beneficial effects of this widely used therapy necessitates a randomised clinical trial (RCT) to study the efficacy of PMT on the severity of paratonia and on the improvement of daily care.METHODS/DESIGN: A RCT with a 4-week follow-up period. Patients with dementia (according to the DSM-IV-TR Criteria) and moderate to severe paratonia are included in the study after proxy consent. By means of computerised and concealed block randomisation (block-size of 4) patients are included in one of two groups. The first group receives PMT, the second group receives usual care without PMT. PMT is given according to a protocol by physical therapist three times a week for four weeks in a row. The severity of paratonia (Modified Ashworth scale), the severity of the dementia (Global Deterioration Scale), the clinical improvement (Clinical Global Impressions), the difficulty in daily care (Patient Specific Complaints) and the experienced pain in daily care of the participant (PACSLAC-D) is assessed by assessors blind to treatment allocation at baseline, after 6 and 12 treatments. Success of the intervention is defined as a significant increase of decline on the modified Ashworth scale. The 'proportion of change' in two and four weeks time on this scale will be analysed. Also a multiple logistic regression analysis using declined/not declined criteria as dependent variable with correction for relevant confounders (e.g. stage of dementia, medication, co-morbidity) will be used.DISCUSSION: This study is the first RCT of this size to gain further insight on the effect of passive movement therapy on the severity of paratonia.TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN43069940.
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Slachtofferschap van ransomware – software die bestanden of systemen versleutelt als drukmiddel om slachtoffers losgeld te laten betalen – is een groeiend probleem voor bedrijven in Nederland. Tot wel 17% van de Nederlandse mkb’ers zegt ooit slachtoffer te zijn geworden van dit delict. Toch nemen ondernemers nog te weinig maatregelen om hun bedrijf tegen ransomware en andere vormen van cybercriminaliteit te beschermen. Hoe kunnen we de weerbaarheid van het mkb vergroten?
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Chronic pain rehabilitation programs are aimed at helping patients to increase their functioning despite being in pain, thereby improving their quality of life. However, conversations between patients and practitioners about how the patient could deal with his/her pain and pain-related disabilities in a different way can be interactionally challenging. This study adopts a discursive psychological perspective to explore how pain-related disability is negotiated by patients and practitioners during consultations. The analysis shows that pain-related disability is treated by both patients and practitioners as negotiable rather than a fixed reality. Moreover, it shows that patients’ and practitioners’ negotiations of disability are subject to issues of agency, accountability, and blame, and it provides insight into the interactional dilemmas that are at stake, both for patients and practitioners. Revalidatieprogramma’s voor patiënten met chronische pijn zijn gericht op het verbeteren van het functioneren ondanks de pijn, waardoor kwaliteit van leven wordt bevorderd. Conversaties tussen patiënten en behandelaars over de manier waarop de patiënt kan omgaan met de pijn en gerelateerde beperkingen kunnen interactionele uitdagingen met zich meebrengen. Dit hoofdstuk verkent vanuit discursief-psychologisch perspectief hoe beperkingen worden onderhandeld door patiënten en behandelaars in consulten. De analyse toont aan dat de beperkingen worden behandeld als onderhandelbaar in plaats van als een onveranderbare werkelijkheid. Bovendien toont de analyse dat in deze onderhandelingen bepaalde issues relevant worden gemaakt, zoals ‘agency’, verantwoordelijkheid en schuld. Inzicht wordt geboden in de interactionele dilemma’s die op het spel staan voor zowel patiënten als behandelaars.
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Background: Particulate matter (PM) exposure is an important health risk, both in daily life and in the workplace. It causes respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and results in 800,000 premature deaths per year worldwide. In earlier research, we assessed workers’ information needs regarding workplace PM exposure, the properties and effects of PM, and the rationale behind various means of protection. We also concluded that workers do not always receive appropriate risk communication tools with regards to PM, and that their PM knowledge appears to be fragmented and incomplete. Methods: We considered several concepts for use as an educational material based on evaluation criteria: ease of use, costs, appropriateness for target audiences and goals, interactivity, implementation issues, novelty, and speed. We decided to develop an educational folder, which can be used to inform employees about the properties, effects and prevention methods concerning PM. Furthermore, we decided on a test setup of a more interactive way of visualisation of exposure to PM by means of exposimeters. For the development of the folder, we based the information needs on our earlier mental models-based research. We adjusted the folder based on the results of ten semi-structured interviews evaluating its usability. Results: The semi-structured interviews yielded commentaries and suggestions for further improvement, which resulted in a number of alterations to the folder. However, in most cases the folder was deemed satisfactory. Conclusion: Based on this study, the folder we developed is suitable for a larger-scale experiment and a practical test. Further research is needed to investigate the efficacy of the folder and the application of the exposimeter in a PM risk communication system.
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Background: With increasing knowledge on the adverse health efects of certain constituents of PM (particulate matter), such as silica, metals, insoluble ions, and black carbon, PM has been under the attention of work safety experts. Previously, we investigated the perceptions of blue-collar workers in highly exposed areas of work. Subsequently, we developed an instruction folder highlighting the most important aspects of PM risk and mitigation, and tested this folder in a digital experiment. The digital experiment yielded positive results with regards to acquired knowledge about PM, but did not on risk perception or safety behavior. Methods: In this study, we investigate the efects of the folder when combined with a practical assignment involving a PM exposimeter, showing the amount of particulate matter in microgram per cubic meter in real time on its display for various activities. We tested this at six workplaces of four companies in the roadwork and construction branch. Results: The results indicate that the folder itself yields an increased knowledge base in employees about PM, but the efects of the practical assignment are more contentious. Nevertheless, there is an indication that using the assignment may lead to a higher threat appraisal among employees for high exposure activities. Conclusion: We recommend implementing our folder in companies with high PM exposure and focusing further research on appropriate methods of implementation.
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Het doel van de klinische forensische zorg, of meer specifiek de tbs-maatregel, is het beveiligen van de maatschappij; op korte termijn door iemand uit de maatschappij te halen en op langere termijn door behandeling gericht op het verlagen van risicofactoren en het opbouwen of versterken van beschermende factoren. In de media verschijnen met enige regelmaat kritische verhalen over de forensische zorg, meestal naar aanleiding van een ernstig incident, zoals een delict gepleegd door een tbs-patiënt op verlof. De vraag die daarbij steeds wordt opgeworpen, is hoe effectief de tbs-maatregel en behandeling in de forensische zorg is. Het is logisch dat er maatschappelijke onrust ontstaat bij ernstige incidenten en de opgeworpen vragen vanuit de maatschappij zijn terecht. Toch is enige nuancering hier op zijn plaats, aangezien recidive tijdens forensische behandeling uitzonderlijk is. Zo werd in een recent onderzoek met gegevens van het Adviescollege Verloftoetsing tbs (AVT) gevonden dat slechts bij 0,15% van de 15.050 positief beoordeelde verlofaanvragen sprake was van een ongeoorloofde afwezigheid met recidive. Verder blijkt al jaren uit onderzoek van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Datacentrum (WODC) dat ernstige recidive na ontslag uit de forensische zorg, met name de tbs, relatief laag is, in ieder geval aanzienlijk lager dan na een gevangenisstraf. Hierbij dient aangetekend te worden dat de cijfers lastig te vergelijken zijn vanwege belangrijke verschillen tussen de groepen. De recidivecijfers tijdens en na forensische zorg zijn dus relatief gunstig, maar een delict kan enorme impact hebben en het zo veel mogelijk voorkomen van recidive blijft het ultieme doel van de behandeling in de forensische zorg. Het is nog onduidelijk wat precies bijdraagt aan recidivereductie en hoe behandeleffectiviteit of behandelsucces gedefinieerd kan worden.
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Publicatie bij de rede, uitgesproken bij de aanvaarding van het ambt als lector HRM en Persoonlijk Ondernemerschap aan Hogeschool Inholland Haarlem op 11 oktober 2007 door dr. Petra Biemans.
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