Background: Currently, the Ponseti method is the gold standard for treatment of clubfeet. For long-term func- tional evaluation of this method, gait analysis can be performed. Previous studies have assessed gait differences between Ponseti treated clubfeet and healthy controls. Research question/purpose: The aims of this systematic review were to compare the gait kinetics of Ponseti treated clubfeet with healthy controls and to compare the gait kinetics between clubfoot patients treated with the Ponseti method or surgically. Methods: A systematic search was performed in Embase, Medline Ovid, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, Cinahl ebsco, and Google scholar, for studies reporting on gait kinetics in children with clubfeet treated with the Ponseti method. Studies were excluded if they only used EMG or pedobarography. Data were extracted and a risk of bias was assessed. Meta-analyses and qualitative analyses were performed. Results: Nine studies were included, of which five were included in the meta-analyses. The meta-analyses showed that ankle plantarflexor moment (95% CI -0.25 to -0.19) and ankle power (95% CI -0.89 to -0.60, were significantly lower in the Ponseti treated clubfeet compared to the healthy controls. No significant difference was found in ankle dorsiflexor and plantarflexor moment, and ankle power between clubfeet treated with surgery compared to the Ponseti method. Significance: Differences in gait kinetics are present when comparing Ponseti treated clubfeet with healthy controls. However, there is no significant difference between surgically and Ponseti treated clubfeet. These results give more insight in the possibilities of improving the gait pattern of patients treated for clubfeet.
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A clubfoot is characterized by a three-dimensional deformity with an equinus, varus, cavus and adduction component. Nowadays the Ponseti method is the preferred treatment for clubfeet, aiming to achieve a normal appearing, functional and painless foot. The reoccurrence of clubfoot components in treated clubfeet, a relapse, is a known problem in clubfoot patients. 3Dgait analysis can be used in assessment of foot function and residual deviations in gait or possible relapses. Gait analysis is frequently used to analyse differences in gait between clubfoot and healthy controls. However, the usage of multisegment foot models is, although of importance considering the characteristics of the clubfoot, rare. In order to capture the full multi-planar and multi-joint nature of a clubfoot, it is highly important to implement multi-segment foot models in gait analysis. In order to improve treatment of individual relapse clubfoot kinematics differences in clinical relevant functional outcomes should be known.
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This study aims to identify kinematic differences between children with Ponseti treated clubfoot and age-mat- ched healthy controls during gait, using the Oxford Foot Model. This pilot is part of a large project comparing gait kinematics between children with Ponseti treated clubfoot with and without relapse and healthy controls. Final results could identify relevant gait parameters which will allow for early detection of a relapse clubfoot.
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Background Understanding the kinematic characteristics of relapse clubfoot compared to successfully treated clubfoot could aid early identification of a relapse and improve treatment planning. The usage of a multi segment foot model is essential in order to grasp the full complexity of the multi-planar and multi-joint deformity of the clubfoot. Research question The purpose of this study was to identify differences in foot kinematics, using a multi-segment foot model, during gait between patients with Ponseti treated clubfoot with and without a relapse and age-matched healthy controls. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out including 11 patients with relapse clubfoot, 11 patients with clubfoot and 15 controls. Gait analysis was performed using an extended Helen Hayes model combined with the Oxford Foot Model. Statistical analysis included statistical parametric mapping and discrete analysis of kinematic gait parameters of the pelvis, hip, knee, ankle, hindfoot and forefoot in the sagittal, frontal and transversal plane. Results The relapse group showed significantly increased forefoot adduction in relation with the hindfoot and the tibia. Furthermore, this group showed increased forefoot supination in relation with the tibia during stance, whereas during swing increased forefoot supination in relation with the hindfoot was found in patients with relapse clubfoot compared with non-relapse clubfoot. Significance Forefoot adduction and forefoot supination could be kinematic indicators of relapse clubfoot, which might be useful in early identification of a relapse clubfoot. Subsequently, this could aid the optimization of clinical decision making and treatment planning for children with clubfoot.
MULTIFILE
Background Altered muscle-tendon properties in clubfoot patients could play a role in the occurrence of a relapse and negatively affect physical functioning. However, there is a lack of literature about muscle-tendon properties of clubfoot relapse patients. Research question The aim of this study was to determine whether the muscle architecture of the medial gastrocnemius and the morphology of the Achilles tendon differ between typically developing children (TDC) and clubfoot patients with and without a relapse clubfoot and to determine the relationships between morphological and functional gait outcomes. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in clubfoot patients treated according to the Ponseti method and TDC aged 4–8 years. A division between clubfoot patients with and without a relapse was made. Fifteen clubfoot patients, 10 clubfoot relapse patients and 19 TDC were included in the study. Morphologic properties of the medial head of the Gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon were assessed by ultrasonography. Functional gait outcomes were assessed using three-dimensional gait analysis. Mean group differences were analysed with ANOVA and non-parametric alternatives. Relationships between functional and morphologic parameters were determined for all clubfoot patients together and for TDC with Spearman’s rank correlation. Results Morphological and functional gait parameters did not differ between clubfoot patients with and without a relapse, with exception of lower maximal dorsiflexor moment in clubfoot relapse patients. Compared to TDC, clubfoot and relapse patients did show lower functional gait outcomes, as well as shorter and more pennate muscles with a longer Achilles tendon. In all clubfoot patients, this longer relative tendon was related to higher ankle power and plantarflexor moment. Significance In clubfoot and relapse patients, abnormalities in morphology did not always relate to worse functional gait outcomes. Understanding these relationships in all clubfoot patients may improve the knowledge about clubfoot and aid future treatment planning.
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Background Objective gait analysis that fully captures the multi-segmental foot movement of a clubfoot may help in early identification of a relapse clubfoot. Unfortunately, this type of objective measure is still lacking in a clinical setting and it is unknown how it relates to clinical assessment. Research question The aim of this study was to identify differences in total gait and foot deviations between clubfoot patients with and without a relapse clubfoot and to evaluate their relationship with clinical status. Methods In this study, Ponseti-treated idiopathic clubfoot patients were included and divided into clubfoot patients with and without a relapse. Objective gait analysis was done resulting in total gait and foot scores and clinical assessment was performed using the Clubfoot Assessment Protocol (CAP). Additionally, a new clubfoot specific foot score, the clubFoot Deviation Index (cFDI*), was calculated to better capture foot kinematics of clubfoot patients. Results Clubfoot patients with a relapse show lower total gait quality (GDI*) and lower clinical status defined by the CAP than clubfoot patients without a relapse. Abnormal cFDI* was found in relapse patients, reflected by differences in corresponding variable scores. Moderate relationships were found for the subdomains of the CAP and total gait and foot quality in all clubfoot patients. Significance A new total foot score was introduced in this study, which was more relevant for the clubfoot population. The use of this new foot score (cFDI*) besides the GDI*, is recommended to identify gait and foot motion deviations. Along with clinical assessment, this will give an overview of the overall status of the complex, multi-segmental aspects of a (relapsed) clubfoot. The relationships found in this study suggest that clinical assessment might be indicative of a deviation in total gait and foot pattern, therefore hinting towards personalised screening for better treatment decision making.
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Sexual interest in children is an important factor contributing to sexual (re)offending against children. The current state of research makes it difficult to conclude if people with pedophilia are overly interested in children, or have lower interest in adults, or both. This is relevant knowledge in treatment for preventing sexual (re)offenses against children. This study aimed to systematically analyze sexual interest in both children and adults in samples of men with pedophilia and comparison groups. A total of 55 studies (N = 8465) were included in four meta-analyses and a systematic review. Most included studies considered people who had sexually offended against children (PSOC; nPSOC = 5213). Results indicated that PSOC with pedophilia did not have a clear sexual preference for either children or adults. Compared to comparison groups, they had more absolute sexual interest in children and lower sexual interest in adults. We conclude that the lack of sexual interest in adults may be a relevant factor in PSOC with pedophilia. More studies are needed to disentangle sexual interest in children from sexual interest in adults, while using carefully matched comparison groups and appropriate research designs.
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De idiopathische klompvoet is een aangeboren orthopedische aandoening waarvan de behandeling de laatste jaren sterk is gewijzigd. Bij een klompvoet is er sprake van een combinatie van vier kenmerken: adductie van de voet, equinus (spitsstand), cavus (holvoet) en varus (achtervoet wijst naar binnen) (Ponseti, 2008). Niet behandelde klompvoeten leiden tot ernstige deformiteiten, functionele beperkingen en pijn (Gray et al., 2014). De Ponseti methode is de vastgestelde behandeling voor idiopathische klompvoeten, in het eerste levensjaar van de patiënt spelen de kinderfysiotherapeut en orthopedisch schoentechnoloog nog geen rol (Besselaar et al., 2017; NOV, 2014). Bij oudere patiënten en relapse klompvoeten zou de kinderfysiotherapeut en de orthopedisch schoentechnoloog echter een belangrijke rol kunnen spelen bij de vervolgbehandeling en revalidatie na een eventuele operatie. Om dit mogelijk te maken is een vroegtijdige detectie van de relapse klompvoet van cruciaal belang. Door in een vroeg stadium problemen op te sporen is de kans groter dat hier met een niet-operatieve behandeling (bijvoorbeeld gipsen, fysiotherapie) succes behaald kan worden. Drie dimensionele gangbeeldanalyses (3DGA) lijken uitermate geschikt om functionele problemen rondom de klompvoet vroegtijdig op te sporen. Binnen de RAAK Publiek subsidie hebben we uitgebreide 3D gangbeeld analyses, druk- en echometingen uitgevoerd bij 20 klompvoet patiënten, 13 relapse en 17 gezonde controle kinderen. In vergelijking met gezonde controle kinderen en klompvoet patiënten zonder relapse, zagen wij bij patiënten met een relapse een verminderde dorsiflexie van de achtervoet en een hogere adductie van de voorvoet. Deze informatie is van belang voor het inzetten van verdere (fysiotherapeutische) behandeling en kan in de toekomst hopelijk een rol spelen bij het eerder identificeren van relapse klompvoeten.
De idiopathische klompvoet is een belangrijke aangeboren orthopedische aandoening waarvan de behandeling de laatste jaren sterk is gewijzigd. Bij een klompvoet is er sprake van een combinatie van vier kenmerken: adductie van de voet, equinus (spitsstand), cavus (holvoet) en varus (achtervoet wijst naar binnen) (Ponseti, 2008). De precieze incidentie van klompvoeten in Nederland is nog niet bekend omwille van het ontbreken van een landelijk registratiesysteem, maar waarschijnlijk worden er jaarlijks tussen de 150 en 250 kinderen per jaar met één of twee klompvoeten geboren worden (Kamp et al., in prep; Wallander et al., 2006). Niet behandelde klompvoeten leiden tot ernstige deformiteiten, functionele beperkingen en pijn (Gray et al., 2014). Op basis van de beschikbare literatuur en consensus binnen de werkgroep voor de Richtlijn primaire idiopathische klompvoet (NOV, 2014) is de Ponseti methode de vastgestelde behandeling voor idiopathische klompvoeten (Besselaar et al., submitted; NOV, 2014). Ook vermeld deze richtlijn dat er op dit moment bij de primaire behandeling van de klompvoet in het eerste levensjaar van de patiënt geen rol voor de kinderfysiotherapie of de orthopedische schoentechnoloog is, omdat wetenschappelijk bewijs daarvoor ontbreekt. Bij oudere patiënten en relapse klompvoeten zou de kinderfysiotherapeut en de orthopedische schoentechnoloog echter een belangrijke rol kunnen spelen bij de vervolgbehandeling en revalidatie na een eventuele operatie. Om dit mogelijk te maken is een vroegtijdige detectie van de relapse klompvoet van cruciaal belang. Door in een vroeg stadium problemen op te sporen is de kans groter dat hier met een niet-operatieve behandeling (bijvoorbeeld gipsen, fysiotherapie) succes behaald kan worden. Drie dimensionele gangbeeldanalyses lijken uitermate geschikt om functionele problemen rondom de klompvoet vroegtijdig op te sporen. Deze studie zal met behulp van uitgebreide gangbeeldanalyses enerzijds een beter inzicht geven in de factoren die gelinkt zijn met relapse klompvoet als ook een vroegtijdige detectie van die relapse mogelijk maken.
