Active antifungal packaging is a technological solution for reducing the postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables associated with phytopathogens. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is the principal fungus that causes post-harvest avocado fruit decay. In this study, antifungal sachets filled with oregano oil-starch capsules were prepared, and their active effects were demonstrated on Hass avocado fruits. Oregano oil (31 % of carvacrol) was encapsulated with corn starch by spray drying. Tyvek sachets (4 × 4 cm) filled with 80 (T1) and 160 mg (T2) of oregano oil-starch capsules (99.35 ± 1.86 mg g − 1) were fabricated. The antifungal effects of the sachets were tested in vitro and in vivo using a humidity chamber (90–95 % relative humidity (RH)) on fruits inoculated with anthracnose. The results showed that T1 and T2 inhibited 75.21 ± 2.81 and 100 % in vitro growth of anthracnose at 25 °C for 12 days. Furthermore, Hass avocado fruits stored in a humidity chamber at 25 °C for 6 days showed that only T2 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the area of lesion produced by artificial inoculation of Hass avocado fruits with anthracnose. On average, the lesion area in the Hass avocado fruits treated with T2 was 13.94 % smaller than that in the control fruit.
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Active sachets can be used to manage postharvest losses associated with phytopathogens in fruit and vegetables. Diseases associated with phytopathogens are the principal causes of avocado losses postharvest. This study was performed to develop antifungal active sachet-based oregano oil microencapsulated with starch/agave fructans that allows in vivo and in vitro control of phytopathogens associated with avocado decay. In addition, avocado-sachet interactions were studied. Oregano oil sachets inhibited 100% of the in vitro growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum acutatum, Diaporthe passiflorae, and Neoscytalidium hyalinum at 30 °C for 12 d The efficacy of the oregano oil sachets was confirmed on avocados inoculated with C. gloeosporioides. Active sachets reduced the injury area of anthracnose infection in avocado without negative effects on the color or firmness of the fruit, compared to untreated control. Treatment also caused significantly higher (p < 0.05) phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, catalase and peroxidase activities compared to the control fruit. In addition, antifungal sachets significantly enhanced the contents of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in treated avocados.
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Consumers expect product availability as well as product quality and safety in retail outlets. When designing or re-designing fruit and vegetables supply chain networks one has to take these demands into consideration next to traditional efficiency and responsiveness requirements. In food science literature, much attention has been paid to the development of Time-Temperature Indicators to monitor individually the temperature conditions of food products throughout distribution as well as quality decay models that are able to predict product quality based upon this information. This chapter discusses opportunities to improve the design and management of fruit and vegetables supply chain networks. If product quality in each step of the supply chain can be predicted in advance, good flows can be controlled in a pro-active manner and better chain designs can be established resulting in higher product availability, higher product quality, and less product losses in retail. This chapter works towards a preliminary diagnostic instrument, which can be used to assess supply chain networks on QCL (Quality Controlled Logistics). Findings of two exploratory case studies, one on the tomato chain and one on the mango chain, are presented to illustrate the value of this concept. Results show the opportunities and bottlenecks for quality controlled logistics depend on product—(e.g. variability in quality), process—(e.g. ability to use containers and sort on quality), network- (e.g. current level of cooperation), and market characteristics (e.g. higher prices for better products).
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Western-European consumers have become not only more demanding on product availability in retail outlets but also on other food attributes such as quality, integrity, and safety. When (re)designing food supply-chain networks, from a logistics point of view, one has to consider these demands next to traditional efficiency and responsiveness requirements. The concept ‘quality controlled logistics’ (QCL) hypothesizes that if product quality in each step of the supply chain can be predicted in advance, goods flows can be controlled in a pro-active manner and better chain designs can be established resulting in higher product availability, constant quality, and less product losses. The paper discusses opportunities of using real-time product quality information for improvement of the design and management of ‘AgriFood Supply Chain Networks’, and presents a preliminary diagnostic instrument for assessment of ‘critical quality’ and ‘logistics control’ points in the supply chain network. Results of a tomato-chain case illustrate the added value of the QCL concept for identifying improvement opportunities in the supply chain as to increase both product availability and quality. Future research aims for the further development of the diagnostic instrument and the quantification of costs and benefits of QCL scenarios.
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Dit artikel gaat over de mogelijke introductie van micro-aardappelen, ofwel microtubers, op de Europese markt en de uitdagingen met betrekking tot alkaloïden. Aardappelen zijn wereldwijd essentieel voor voedselzekerheid, maar microtubers, kleine aardappelknollen, blijven relatief onbekend. Nederlandse producenten overwegen deze kleine knollen te gebruiken voor voedselproducten, maar de aanwezigheid van alkaloïden is een belangrijk aandachtspunt. Alkaloïden zijn natuurlijke stikstofhoudende verbindingen die in veel planten voorkomen, waaronder aardappelen (Solanum tuberosum L.). Sommige alkaloïden, zoals solanine en chaconine, kunnen schadelijk zijn bij inname in grote hoeveelheden, terwijl andere gunstige effecten kunnen hebben, zoals antioxidanten-eigenschappen. De regulering en etikettering van alkaloïden in voedsel variëren, wat de uitdagingen voor producenten benadrukt. Hoewel er interesse lijkt te zijn in microtubers in de Europese fine dining sector, zijn er momenteel weinig aanwijzingen voor een aanzienlijke markt voor consumptie van deze kleine aardappelen in Europa. In Oost-Aziatische landen worden microtubers voornamelijk gebruikt als pootgoed, wat de huidige beperkte kennis over het marktpotentieel in Europa benadrukt. Dit artikel benadrukt het belang van zorgvuldige teeltpraktijken en marktonderzoek voordat er grootschalige investeringen worden gedaan in de commerciële teelt van microtubers voor consumptie in Europa. De wetgeving met betrekking tot alkaloïden is momenteel nog niet concreet, en verder onderzoek is nodig om de gezondheidseffecten en mogelijke risico's beter te begrijpen. Samengevat, dit artikel biedt inzichten in de potentie van microtubers op de Europese markt, waarbij rekening wordt gehouden met de aanwezigheid van alkaloïden en hun impact op gezondheid en voeding. Het stimuleert producenten en onderzoekers om de mogelijkheden van microtubers verder te verkennen en te benutten.
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This chapter presents the currently not established and identifies design requirements for new systems to address this challenge and provide directions for possible improvement. As a result, this chapter introduces the concept of SamenMarkt®, a participatory system in which multi-agent system technology enables distributed price negotiation, distribution and communication between producers, retailers and consumers.
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Food security depends on a network of actors and elements working together to produce and deliver healthy, sustainable, varied, safe and plentiful food supply to society. The interactions between these actors and elements must be designed, managed and optimized to satisfy demand. In this chapter we introduce Food Supply Chain Optimization and Demand, providing a framework to understand and improve food security from an operational and strategic point of view.
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Verse producten als aardbeien en blauwe bessen zijn na de oogst beperkt houdbaar. Door de inzet van diverse technieken kan rijping en bederf van deze levende plantonderdelen geremd worden. Daarmee kan de houdbaarheid worden verlengd en verspilling worden voorkomen. Dat kunnen technieken tijdens de teelt zijn en na de oogst. Na de oogst gaat het om condities als temperatuur, luchtvochtigheid, zuurstofconcentratie en kooldioxideconcentratie. Om die condities goed in te kunnen stellen is het nodig de metabole activiteit van een batch te kennen. In de huidige afzetketens van verse producten is er echter onvoldoende tijd om die activiteit vast te stellen, waardoor er meestal een veilige maar suboptimale conditie wordt ingesteld. Dit beperkt de houdbaarheid en kan leiden tot onnodige voedselverliezen. In dit project wordt een snelle methode onderzocht waarmee de metabole activiteit zeer snel kan worden vastgesteld en adviezen voor in te stellen condities binnen uren kan worden gegeven. Daarbij wordt bovendien verkend wat de invloed van teeltcondities is op de houdbaarheid.
