Background: The relative number of children meeting the minimal required dose of daily physical activity remains execrably low. It has been estimated that in 2015 one out of five children will be overweight. Therefore, low levels of physical activity during early childhood may compromise the current and future health and well-being of the population, and promoting physical activity in younger children is a major public health priority. This study is to gain insight into effects of a Physical Education based playground program on the PA levels during recess in primary school children aged 6-12.Methods/design: The effectiveness of the intervention program will be evaluated using a prospective controlled trial design in which schools will be matched, with a follow-up of one school year. The research population will consist of 6-12 year old primary school children. The intervention program will be aimed at improving physical activity levels and will consist of a multi-component alteration of the schools’ playground. In addition, playground usage will be increased through altered time management of recess times, as well as a modification of the Physical Education content.Discussion: The effects of the intervention on physical activity levels during recess (primary outcome measure), overall daily physical activity and changes in physical fitness (secondary outcome measures) will be assessed. Results of this study could possibly lead to changes in the current playground system of primary schools and provide structured health promotion for future public health
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BackgroundThe relative number of children meeting the minimal required dose of daily physical activity remains execrably low. It has been estimated that in 2015 one out of five children will be overweight. Therefore, low levels of physical activity during early childhood may compromise the current and future health and well-being of the population, and promoting physical activity in younger children is a major public health priority. This study is to gain insight into effects of a Physical Education based playground program on the PA levels during recess in primary school children aged 6-12.Methods/designThe effectiveness of the intervention program will be evaluated using a prospective controlled trial design in which schools will be matched, with a follow-up of one school year. The research population will consist of 6-12 year old primary school children. The intervention program will be aimed at improving physical activity levels and will consist of a multi-component alteration of the schools' playground. In addition, playground usage will be increased through altered time management of recess times, as well as a modification of the Physical Education content.DiscussionThe effects of the intervention on physical activity levels during recess (primary outcome measure), overall daily physical activity and changes in physical fitness (secondary outcome measures) will be assessed. Results of this study could possibly lead to changes in the current playground system of primary schools and provide structured health promotion for future public health.Trial registrationNetherlands Trial Register (NTR): NTR2386
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The (pre)school environment is an important setting to improve children’s health. Especially, the (pre)school playground provides a major opportunity to intervene. This review presents an overview of the existing evidence on the value of both school and preschool playgrounds on children’s health in terms of physical activity, cognitive and social outcomes. In addition, we aimed to identify which playground characteristics are the strongest correlates of beneficial effects and for which subgroups of children effects are most distinct. In total, 13 experimental and 17 observational studies have been summarized of which 10 (77%) and 16 (94%) demonstrated moderate to high methodological quality, respectively. Nearly all experimental studies (n = 11) evaluated intervention effects on time spent in different levels of physical activity during recess. Research on the effects of (pre)school playgrounds on cognitive and social outcomes is scarce (n = 2). The experimental studies generated moderate evidence for an effect of the provision of play equipment, inconclusive evidence for an effect of the use of playground markings, allocating play space and for multi-component interventions, and no evidence for an effect of decreasing playground density, the promotion of physical activity by staff and increasing recess duration on children’s health. In line with this, observational studies showed positive associations between play equipment and children’s physical activity level. In contrast to experimental studies, significant associations were also found between children’s physical activity and a decreased playground density and increased recess duration. To confirm the findings of this review, researchers are advised to conduct more experimental studies with a randomized controlled design and to incorporate the assessment of implementation strategies and process evaluations to reveal which intervention strategies and playground characteristics are most effective. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-59 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.
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Systeemdenken is een belangrijke vaardigheid voor het begrijpen en oplossen van problemen m.b.t. complexe dynamische systemen (klimaat, voedselvoorziening, natuurbeheer, recessie, etc.). Echter, systeemdenken wordt niet structureel onderwezen in het voortgezet onderwijs en het is bekend dat leerlingen een dergelijke denkwijze niet vanzelf ontwikkelen. Daardoor blijven leerlingen beperkt vaardig en onvoldoende toegerust voor de uitdagingen van de moderne samenleving. Een belangrijke vraag is derhalve: Hoe kunnen leerlingen effectief ondersteund worden in het ontwikkelen van hun vaardigheid in kritisch systeemdenken? Veel onderwerpen die aan bod komen in het voortgezet onderwijs zijn dynamische systemen (hormoonsystemen, varkenscyclus, faseovergangen, etc.). Het probleem is echter dat leerlingen de onderliggende structuur en het dynamische gedrag onvoldoende leren begrijpen. Er is geen sprake van een systematische aanpak om leerlingen kritisch systeemdenken aan te leren. Daarnaast zijn diagrammen die deze systemen in lesboeken beschrijven statisch. Ze lenen zich slecht voor actieve werkvormen die leerlingen cognitief uitdagen tot kritisch systeemdenken. Ook zijn docenten beperkt in het achterhalen of leerlingen complexe systemen begrijpen en om gedifferentieerde ondersteuning te kunnen geven. Hoe kan dit worden opgelost? Interactieve software kan een doorbraak genereren, mits deze leerlingen zelfstandig en op eigen niveau laat werken, passende hulp geeft, en de docent informeert over de voortgang van leerlingen. Wij stellen voor om een methodiek te onderzoeken en ontwikkelen, gebaseerd op een digitaal instrument, dat hierin voorziet. Hierbij worden technieken uit de Kunstmatige Intelligentie ingezet. Het basisidee is om leerlingen in een leerlijn middels conceptueel modelleren te laten werken met interactieve systeemdiagrammen. Omdat het software betreft, kan het niveau en de hulp geautomatiseerd worden en krijgt de docent informatie over voortgang en eventuele problemen. Het project sluit nauw aan bij de praktijkvraag, geeft invulling aan moderne onderwijsvormen en zorgt dat vaardigheden in systeemdenken expliciet worden getraind. De kern van het project betreft een PhD promotieonderzoek.
