The aim of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of a school-centered multicomponent PA intervention, called ‘Active Living’, on children's daily PA levels. A quasi-experimental design was used including 9 intervention schools and 9 matched control schools located in the Netherlands. The baseline measurement took place between March–June 2013, and follow-up measurements were conducted 12 months afterwards. Accelerometer (ActiGraph, GT3X +) data of 520 children aged 8–11 years were collected and supplemented with demographics and weather conditions data. Implementation magnitude of the interventions was measured by keeping logbooks on the number of implemented physical environmental interventions (PEIs) and social environmental interventions (SEIs). Multilevel multivariate linear regression analyses were used to study changes in sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) between baseline and follow-up. Finally, effect sizes (ESs) were calculated using Cohen's d. No pooled effects on PA and SB were found between children exposed and not exposed to Active Living after 12 months. However, children attending Active Living schools that implemented larger numbers of both PEIs and SEIs engaged in 15 more minutes of LPA per weekday at follow-up than children in the control condition (ES = 0.41; p < .05). Moreover, children attending these schools spent less time in SB at follow-up (ES = 0.33), although this effect was non-significant. No significant effects were found on MVPA. A school-centered multicomponent PA intervention holds the potential to activate children, but a comprehensive set of intervention elements with a sufficient magnitude is necessary to achieve at least moderate effect sizes.
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The Netherlands is known globally for its widespread use of bicycles and some call it a “cycling nation”. Indeed, many Dutch inhabitants own a bike and cycle frequently. Numbers show that 84% of the Dutch inhabitants from age 4 years and older own a bike. Those owners have an average of 1.3 bikes per person. This results in 18 million bikes in the Netherlands and 13.5 million bike owners.6 The Dutch use their bike as a means of transportation, but also for sports and exercise. Bike-use fits well in an active lifestyle and it is highly plausible that cycling is responsible for a large part of the daily physical activity in Dutch youth. It is estimated that Dutch people have on average a 6 months longer life expectancy attributable to bicycle use.7 It seems that the nation itself is well shaped to cycle: no large mountains, only a few small hills, and an extensive layout of cycle paths and routes in every city and village. In many urban areas separate cycle paths are very common. Our results show that many Dutch children use the bike as their way of transportation. It was demonstrated that active transportation is responsible for a large part of schoolrelated physical activity in Dutch youth.8 80% of 12-17 year-old children cycled three or more days to or from school/work.9 This resulted in an ‘A’ for the indicator active transportation (walking is included in the grade as well). Active transport is associated with increased total physical activity among youth.10,11 Also evidence is reported for an association between active transport and a healthier body composition and healthier level of cardiorespiratory fitness among youth. Although Dutch children accumulate a lot of daily physical activity through cycling, it is not enough to meet the current national physical activity guidelines of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day. Even though cycling is an important component to the amount of daily physical activity, Dutch youth are not cycling to health
From the fast-food industry to the sharing economy, precarious work has become the norm in contemporary capitalism, like the anti-globalization movement predicted it would. This book describes how the precariat came into being under neoliberalism and how it has radicalized in response to crisis and austerity. It investigates the political economy of precarity and the historical sociology of the precariat, and discusses movements of precarious youth against oligopoly and oligarchy in Europe, America, and East Asia. Foti covers the three fundamental dates of recent history: the financial crisis of 2008, the political revolutions of 2011, and the national-populist backlash of 2016, to present his class theory of the precariat and the ideology of left-populist movements. Building a theory of capitalist crisis to understand the aftermath of the Great Recession, he outlines political scenarios where the precariat can successfully fight for emancipation, and reverse inequality and environmental destruction. Written by the activist who put precarity on the map of radical thinking, this is the first work proposing a complete theory of the precariat in its actuality and potentiality.
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Systeemdenken is een belangrijke vaardigheid voor het begrijpen en oplossen van problemen m.b.t. complexe dynamische systemen (klimaat, voedselvoorziening, natuurbeheer, recessie, etc.). Echter, systeemdenken wordt niet structureel onderwezen in het voortgezet onderwijs en het is bekend dat leerlingen een dergelijke denkwijze niet vanzelf ontwikkelen. Daardoor blijven leerlingen beperkt vaardig en onvoldoende toegerust voor de uitdagingen van de moderne samenleving. Een belangrijke vraag is derhalve: Hoe kunnen leerlingen effectief ondersteund worden in het ontwikkelen van hun vaardigheid in kritisch systeemdenken? Veel onderwerpen die aan bod komen in het voortgezet onderwijs zijn dynamische systemen (hormoonsystemen, varkenscyclus, faseovergangen, etc.). Het probleem is echter dat leerlingen de onderliggende structuur en het dynamische gedrag onvoldoende leren begrijpen. Er is geen sprake van een systematische aanpak om leerlingen kritisch systeemdenken aan te leren. Daarnaast zijn diagrammen die deze systemen in lesboeken beschrijven statisch. Ze lenen zich slecht voor actieve werkvormen die leerlingen cognitief uitdagen tot kritisch systeemdenken. Ook zijn docenten beperkt in het achterhalen of leerlingen complexe systemen begrijpen en om gedifferentieerde ondersteuning te kunnen geven. Hoe kan dit worden opgelost? Interactieve software kan een doorbraak genereren, mits deze leerlingen zelfstandig en op eigen niveau laat werken, passende hulp geeft, en de docent informeert over de voortgang van leerlingen. Wij stellen voor om een methodiek te onderzoeken en ontwikkelen, gebaseerd op een digitaal instrument, dat hierin voorziet. Hierbij worden technieken uit de Kunstmatige Intelligentie ingezet. Het basisidee is om leerlingen in een leerlijn middels conceptueel modelleren te laten werken met interactieve systeemdiagrammen. Omdat het software betreft, kan het niveau en de hulp geautomatiseerd worden en krijgt de docent informatie over voortgang en eventuele problemen. Het project sluit nauw aan bij de praktijkvraag, geeft invulling aan moderne onderwijsvormen en zorgt dat vaardigheden in systeemdenken expliciet worden getraind. De kern van het project betreft een PhD promotieonderzoek.
