Europese landen worstelen met het ‘post Snowden’-tijdperk. Dit is zichtbaar in de nieuwe wetgeving die in veel landen recentelijk tot stand is gekomen. Grote thema’s daarbij zijn onder meer hoe om te gaan met de hedendaagse informatiesamenleving, die oneindige hoeveelheden data produceert en die zich kenmerkt door snelle technologische ontwikkelingen. Hoe kan worden voorkomen dat zich een tweede ‘Snowden’-onthulling gaat voordoen? Ook de Wet op de inlichtingen- en veiligheidsdiensten (Wiv) 2017 is opnieuw een product van zijn tijd. Deze wet probeert de nieuwe dilemma’s te ondervangen terwijl tegelijkertijd een werkbare situatie voor de bescherming van de rechtstaat via inlichtingen en veiligheidsdiensten wordt nagestreefd. Wij presenteren in dit artikel een aantal kanttekeningen bij de Wiv 2017. Dit doen wij door een aantal relevante in Nederland (Eskens e.a. 2016; Loof e.a. 2016) en in de Europese Unie1 verschenen overkoepelende studies over grondrechten te bespreken. Deze kanttekeningen zijn deels gebaseerd op normatieve uitgangspunten en aanbevelingen uit deze studies, deels ontleend aan nog lopend onderzoek. Gezien de aard en omvang van dit artikel is een selectie gemaakt en beperkt de analyse zich tot het schetsen van de belangrijkste dilemma’s.
For the recycling of carpet and artificial turf the latex backing is often a real stumble block. Many strategies have been developed like freezing the carpet, followed by grinding and subsequent separation of the milled particles. Once it has been separated from its backing materials, PA 6 is relatively easy to depolymerise. This produces fresh caprolactam that can be used to manufacture PA 6 with no loss in quality, and is suitable for further recycling [1]. The comparable process for PA 6,6 is not as easy, but DuPont and Polyamid 2000 have developed and patented a process that depolymerises any mixture of PA 6 and 6,6 using ammonia. The result is fresh caprolactam and 1,6 diaminohexane for manufacture of PA 6 and 6,6 respectively [2]. Obviously a lot of research has been devoted to avoiding latex as a backing like e.g. polyurethane carpet backing systems based on natural oil polyols and polymer polyols [4]. Still carboxylated styrene butadiene is the leading synthetic latex polymer used in EU-27 for carpet backing, followed by styrene-acrylics and pure acrylics. This contrasts with Eastern Europe, Russia, and Turkey where styrene-acrylics dominate, followed by PVAc and redispersible powders [3]. In addition there has been a lot of research into developing alternative backing systems where the backing can easily be removed. Examples are the use of gecko technology [5] or using click chemistry (reversible Diels Alder reactions) [6]. But the best option for recycling is of course to develop carpets based completely on monomaterials. Paper for the 14th Autex World Textile Conference May 26th-28th 2014, Bursa, Turkey.
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European Union’s vulnerability to climate change stretches far beyond its borders because many of its economic sectors, such as meat and dairy, use raw materials sourced from far afield. Cross-border climate vulnerability is a relatively new subject in scientific literature, while of high societal and economic relevance. We quantify these climate vulnerabilities with a focus on drought risk and assessed them for 2030, 2050, 2085 and for RCP 2.6 and 6.0 climate scenarios. Here we find that more than 44% of the EU agricultural imports will become highly vulnerable to drought in future because of climate change. The drought severity in production locations of the agricultural imports in 2050 will increase by 35% compared to current levels of drought severity. This is particularly valid for imports that originate from Brazil, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, India and Turkey. At the same time, imports from Russia, Nigeria, Peru, Ecuador, Uganda and Kenya will be less vulnerable in future. We also report that the climate vulnerabilities of meat and dairy, chocolate (cocoa), coffee, palm oil-based food and cosmetic sectors mainly lie outside the EU borders rather than inside.
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