Under the premise that language learning is bidirectional in nature, this study aimed to investigate syntactic coordination within teacher-student interactions by using cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA). Seven teachers’ and a group of their students’ interactions were repeatedly measured in the course of an intervention in early science education. Results showed changes in the proportion of recurrent points; in case of simple sentences teachers and students became less coordinated over time, whereas in case of complex sentences teachers and students showed increasing coordination. Results also revealed less rigid (more flexible) syntactic coordination, although there were no changes in the relative contribution of teacher and students to this. In the light of the intervention under investigation this is an important result. This means that teachers and students learn to use more complex language and coordinate their language complexity better in order to co-construct science discourse. The application of CRQA provides new insights and contributes to better understanding of the dynamics of syntactic coordination.
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This study aimed to describe verbal student–teacher interactions in vocational education from a socio-cultural perspective on negotiation of meaning. Teaching as part of these interactions is addressed by a combination of diagnosing, checking and intervening strategies. A study was conducted in which students (n students = 20) and teacher (n teachers = 5) from Social Work (SW) and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) worked together in small groups (n groups = 5) discussing vocational core problems. Each group held five discussions (n discussions = 25). All discussions were audio recorded and transcribed before they were analysed for negotiation of meaning including teaching strategies. The results showed that 5–8% of the interactions include negotiation of meaning. Interactions in SW groups revealed more negotiation of meaning than in interactions in ICT groups. Teaching strategies mainly included checking and intervening activities in favour of diagnosing activities. Furthermore, teachers used meta-cognitive and conceptual interventions most frequently. The implications of these results are discussed by reflecting on occupational differences and on how negotiation of meaning including teaching strategies can be enhanced.
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This paper highlights the use of State Space Grids (SSGs) for studying real-time classroom discourse in an intervention targeting professional development. State Space Grid analysis is both a powerful way to visualise patterns in interactional data, and a starting point for further quantitative analysis. In the present study SSGs were used to explore patterns in teacher–student interactions. The study shows the importance of using micro-level time-serial data and illustrates how change in interactions during and after an intervention can be studied. SSG analysis was applied to study interaction in terms of the coupling of a teacher and a student variable: autonomy support and musical creativity. Video data from 40 music lessons of five teachers and their classes was used as input for plotting teacher–student interactions in SSGs, consisting of two dimensions. SSGs allow visualising change in the situation of interactions in the grid and identifying change in patterns to different grid areas. The findings show how interactions tended to settle in areas representing more productive interaction for all but one class. We discuss the benefits of using SSGs in intervention studies and the implications for educational practice and research of using this time-serial approach.
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This thesis reports on an interpretative case study about student teachers’ and new teachers’ personal interpretations in their teaching practice, during and after an international teaching internship. The main aim of this study was to describe how an international teaching internship interrupts existing, familiar ways of thinking or acting. The findings are an interpretation of how this interruption influences student teachers’ and new teachers’ “personal interpretative frameworks” (Kelchtermans, 2009) during their teacher training programmes and transition from student to teacher. This framework reflects the basis on which a beginning teacher grounds their personal decisions or judgements for action and answers the questions: ‘how can I effectively deal with this particular situation? and ‘why would I work that way?’ (Vanassche & Kelchtermans, 2014, p. 118).
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The dissertation Pathways of Musical Creativity shows that students’ musical creativity can develop in an intervention with Video Feedback Coaching for teachers, mediated by their support of students’ creative autonomy during classroom interactions in music lessons. Autonomy support entails fostering students' self-determined learning by providing space for their own choices and interests. The intervention introduced teachers to music-pedagogical strategies for enhancing classroom interaction in order to transition from a teacher- and method-centered style to a student-centered and autonomy-supportive interaction approach. This PhD research also took the nonverbal components of teachers' autonomy support into account because classroom interaction in music lessons is also nonverbal and musical in nature.Teachers changed their interaction style during the intervention to one that supported more autonomy, and they were less likely to return to mainly instruction and modelling. Although for verbal autonomy support a beneficial effect was observed, teachers found it more difficult to provide higher levels of non-verbal autonomy support in music teaching. In turn, students showed more originality and variation in their creative thinking and acting in music. Although over half of the classes engaged in playing more complex rhythmical patterns over the course of the intervention, at group-level no effect for this aspect was found in comparison to a control group. These findings suggest that in both primary education and teacher education, more focus should be placed on enhancing classroom interaction and supporting students’ creative autonomy support in music lessons.
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Social and Emotional Learning programs, designed to enhance adolescents’ social and emotional skills, are implemented in schools worldwide. One of these programs is Skills4Life (S4L), for students in Dutch secondary education. To strengthen this program and adapt it to students’ needs, we conducted an exploratory study on their perspectives on their own social-emotional development, focusing on low-achieving students in prevocational education. We interviewed eleven boys and eleven girls in five focus groups on (1) their general school life experiences, (2) their perceptions and experiences regarding interactions with peers, the problems they encountered in these interactions, and (3) the strategies and skills they used to solve these problems. Driven by findings in related studies initial thematic analyzes were extended using a three-step approach: an inductive, data-driven process of open coding; axial coding; and selective coding, using the social-emotional skills comprised in an often-used SEL framework as sensitizing concepts. Overall, students were satisfied with their relationships with classmates and teachers and their ability to manage their daily interaction struggles. Their reflections on their interactions indicate that the skills they preferred to use mirror the social-emotional skills taught in many school programs. However, they also indicated that they did not apply these skills in situations they experienced as unsafe and uncontrollable, e.g., bullying and harassment. The insights into adolescents’ social-emotional skills perceptions and the problems they encountered with peers at school presented here can contribute to customizing school-based skills enhancement programs to their needs. Teacher training is required to help teachers gain insight into students’ perspectives and to use this insight to implement SEL programs tailored to their needs.
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The present study focuses on the level of stress male and female teachers perceive when dealing with the most behaviorally challenging student in his or her classroom. To measure stress in Dutch elementary classrooms, a sample was drawn of 582 teachers. First, they rated the most challenging student in their classroom on six different behavioral components: Against the grain, Full of activity/Easily distractible, Needs a lot of attention/Week student, Easily upset, Failuresyndrome/Excessively perfectionist, and Aggressive/Hostile. Teachers then scored perceived stress as a result of this challenging behavior. Two questions concerning gender relations in class rooms will be addressed. Do female and male teachers select the same type of behaviorally challenging students as the most challenging? And: do they perceive the same level of stress? Our data shows that female teachers do indeed report significantly more incidence of challenging behavior, but no evidence is found for differences between stress levels of male and female teachers.
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Self-efficacy is een belangrijk begrip uit de sociaal cognitieve theory van Bandura (1997) en duidt op het geloof dat mensen hebben in hun kunnen om een bepaalde taak in een toekomstige situatie succesvol uit te voeren. Self-efficacy van leraren duidt op het geloof van leraren in hun kunnen om het leren van studenten positief te beïnvloeden. Leraren met een hoge mate van self-efficacy hebben een sterkere positieve invloed op de prestaties, de motivatie en schoolattitude van leerlingen, dan leraren met een lage mate van self-efficacy. Daarom is het van belang dat lerarenopleidingen aandacht besteden aan het ontwikkelen van self-efficacy bij hun studenten. Omdat binnen het competentiegerichte opleiden van leraren assessments een belangrijke plaats innemen, wordt in deze dissertatie onderzocht hoe assessment de self-efficacy van studenten beïnvloedt en hoe vervolgens de lerarencompetenties worden beïnvloed. Allereerst is onderzocht van welke factoren binnen het hoger onderwijs is gebleken dat deze de self-efficacy van studenten positief beïnvloeden. Hieruit bleek dat de self-efficacy van studenten wordt verhoogd als zij succeservaringen opdoen en als zij verbaal worden ondersteund door hun omgeving. Van deze bevindingen zijn 2 factoren afgeleid die van kenmerkend zijn voor een competentie assessment en die in deze dissertatie nader worden onderzocht. De eerste factor is de authenticiteit van een assessment, dit duidt op de mate waarin tijdens een assessment zaken worden getoetst die belang zijn voor het beroep van leraar. De tweede factor is de feedback die aan studenten wordt verstrekt tijdens het assessment. Om de invloed van deze factoren op de self-efficacy van studenten te kunnen meten, is er een self-efficacy vragenlijst ontwikkeld, specifiek gericht op 1e jaarstudenten van een lerarenopleiding. Omdat studenten in het 1e jaar werken aan de ontwikkeling van 6 competenties, is het instrument bedoeld om de self-efficacy van studenten met betrekking tot de zes lerarencompetenties (interpersoonlijk, pedagogisch, vakinhoudelijk en didactisch, organisatorisch, samenwerking met collega’s en reflectie en ontwikkeling) te diagnosticeren. Uit studie twee bleek dat de vragenlijst voldoende betrouwbaar en valide is om het diagnostisch instrument te gebruiken tijdens de begeleiding van studenten. Tevens kwam uit deze studie enig bewijs voor de stelling dat studenten aan een lerarenopleiding beginnen met een globale ongedifferentieerde self-efficacy, en dat als zij ervaringen opdoen met lesgeven er een verdere differentiatie van hun self-efficacy plaatsvindt. In de derde studie werd de kernvraag van deze dissertatie onderzocht. Hieruit bleek dat naarmate de studenten, de prestatie die zij bij het assessment moeten leveren als authentieker ervaren, des te sterker dit hun self-efficacy van de 6 competenties beïnvloedt. Verder bleek dat naarmate studenten de kwaliteit van de verstrekte feedback als hoger ervaren, des te sterker dit hun self-efficacy op 4 van deze 6 competenties beïnvloedt. Tenslotte bleek uit deze studie dat de genoemde assessment-factoren de leerresultaten van studenten op de lerarencompetenties indirect beïnvloeden, dit houdt in dat de assessmentfactoren de self-efficacy van studenten beïnvloeden en dat de self-efficacy van studenten vervolgens van invloed is op leerresultaten van studenten op de lerarencompetenties. In de vierde studie zijn enkele resultaten uit de derde studie diepgaand onder de loep genomen. Door een aantal studenten te interviewen is onderzocht hoe de ervaringen die studenten opdoen tijdens een assessment bijdragen aan hun self-efficacy. Hieruit bleek dat de genoemde assessmentfactoren tijdens zowel de voorbereidingsfase, de interviewfase als de feedbackfase van het portfolio competentie assessment, de self-efficacy van studenten positief beïnvloeden. Voortkomend uit de onderzoeksresultaten, worden op het einde van de dissertatie enkele adviezen voor lerarenopleidingen beschreven.
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In this chapter, seven intercultural teaching experiences are contextualised by using the Hofstede (2011) model on cultural dimensions. The experiences are from Australia, China, France, Germany, Russia, India and Thailand. They are analysed using Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions of Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, and Uncertainty Avoidance. The results show that stereotypical behaviour in the teacher-student interaction is confirmed, but is also refuted in numerous instances and across the dimensions. The described cases also cover interactions between the guest lecturer and staff of the hosting universities in the seven countries. This anecdotal evidence shows more commonality with the Hofstede model than the teacher-student relationships do. Using Hofstede’s model to prepare for and carry out international guest lectures remains a useful tool. It is advised to keep an open mind and not take stereotypical behaviour for granted
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Studying real-time teacher-student interaction provides insight into student's learning processes. In this study, upper grade elementary teachers were supported to optimize their instructional skills required for co-constructing scientific understanding. First, we examined the effect of the Video Feedback Coaching intervention by focusing on changes in teacher-student interaction patterns. Second, we examined the underlying dynamics of those changes by illustrating an in-depth micro-level analysis of teacher-student interactions. The intervention condition showed significant changes in the way scientific understanding was co-constructed. Results provided insight into how classroom interaction can elicit optimal co-construction and how this process changes during an intervention.
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