This paper proposes a Hybrid Microgrid (HμG) model including distributed generation (DG) and a hydrogen-based storage system, controlled through a tailored control strategy. The HμG is composed of three DG units, two of them supplied by solar and wind sources, and the latter one based on the exploitation of theProton Exchange Membrane (PEM) technology. Furthermore, the system includes an alkaline electrolyser, which is used as a responsive load to balance the excess of Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) production, and to produce the hydrogen that will be stored into the hydrogen tank and that will be used to supply the fuel cell in case of lack of generation. The main objectives of this work are to present a validated dynamic model for every component of the HμG and to provide a strategy to reduce as much as possible the power absorption from the grid by exploiting the VRES production. The alkaline electrolyser and PEM fuel cell models are validated through real measurements. The State of Charge (SoC) of the hydrogen tank is adjusted through an adaptive scheme. Furthermore, the designed supervisor power control allows reducing the power exchange and improving the system stability. Finally, a case, considering a summer load profile measured in an electrical substation of Politecnico di Torino, is presented. The results demonstrates the advantages of a hydrogen-based micro-grid, where the hydrogen is used as medium to store the energy produced by photovoltaic and wind systems, with the aim to improve the self-sufficiency of the system
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De noodzaak om duurzame energie voor langere tijd op te slaan en weer beschikbaar te maken tijdens momenten wanneer er geen zonne- en/of windenergie beschikbaar is , wordt steeds groter. Opslaan van energie kan in de vorm van waterstof. Waterstof kan gebruikt worden in brandstofcellen voor de opwekking van elektriciteit of gebruikt worden voor verwarming of als grondstof in de chemische industrie. Omdat waterstof een steeds belangrijkere rol gaat innemen in de energietransitie is het belangrijk deze kennis , kunde en technologie zo breed mogelijk te delen en onder de aandacht te brengen.
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Machinefabriek Douna heeft een prototype van een alkaline electrolyser ontworpen. Deze wil Douna graag doorontwikkelen voor toepassing in het onderwijs en als testplatform voor waterstof innovaties. Deze stap is technisch zeer uitdagend op het gebied van o.a. functionaliteit, modulariteit en veiligheid. Daarom wil Douna hier eerst de haalbaarheid van onderzoeken. EnTranCe is vanuit haar expertise op het gebied van o.a. productie en veiligheidsaspecten rondom waterstof gevraagd hier ondersteuning op te bieden.
In dit rapport worden de maatschappelijke kosten en baten onderzocht van waterstof-elektrisch rijden voor vrachtverkeer. De keten van elektriciteitproductie, conversie naar waterstof, opslag en transport van waterstof, waterstoftankstation en waterstofvrachtwagen is gemodelleerd. De total cost of ownerschip en ook de levelised cost of driving van waterstof-elektrisch rijden zijn hoger dan de alternatieven diesel en batterijelektrisch rijden. Ten opzichte van batterijelektrisch rijden kent waterstof wel enkele operationele voordelen zoals de kortere tanktijd en het hogere bereik. Ook niet-monetaire effecten zijn geanalyseerd.
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Wind and solar power generation will continue to grow in the energy supply of the future, but its inherent variability (intermittency) requires appropriate energy systems for storing and using power. Storage of possibly temporary excess of power as methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide is a promising option. With electrolysis hydrogen gas can be generated from (renewable) power. The combination of such hydrogen with carbon dioxide results in the energy carrier methane that can be handled well and may may serve as carbon feedstock of the future. Biogas from biomass delivers both methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic microorganisms can make additional methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide in a biomethanation process that compares favourably with its chemical counterpart. Biomethanation for renewable power storage and use makes appropriate use of the existing infrastructure and knowledge base for natural gas. Addition of hydrogen to a dedicated biogas reactor after fermentation optimizes the biomethanation conditions and gives maximum flexibility. The low water solubility of hydrogen gas limits the methane production rate. The use of hollow fibers, nano-bubbles or better-tailored methane-forming microorganisms may overcome this bottleneck. Analyses of patent applications on biomethanation suggest a lot of freedom to operate. Assessment of biomethanation for economic feasibility and environmental value is extremely challenging and will require future data and experiences. Currently biomethanation is not yet economically feasible, but this may be different in the energy systems of the near future.
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Within the Flexnode Plus project the long-term degradation characteristics of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer (5.5 kW, AC, 1 Nm3/h H2) and fuel cell (1.0 kW, DC, 0.9 Nm3/h) was experimentally tested. The electrolyzer unit was operated at various loads and pressures for approximately 750 hours in total, while the fuel cell was operated at a constant load of 1 Ω resistance for approximately 1120 hours in total. The efficiency of the hydrogen production in the electrolyzer and the electricity production in the fuel cell was expressed using the hourly average system efficiency and average cell efficiency. Inorder to predict the state of health and remaining lifetime of the electrolyzer cell and fuel cell, the decay of the cell voltage over time was monitored and the direct mapping from aging data method was used.The electrolyzer cell showed a stable cell voltage and cell efficiency in the studied time period, with an average cell voltage decay rate of 0.5 μV/h. The average cell voltage of the fuel cell dropped with a rate of 2 μV/h during the studied time period.
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The project BioP2M came to a close in June 2019 after a consortium of stakeholders in the field of energy transition worked together to research the diverse role of Methane. In this report the results are presented and future plans are discussed.
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This report focuses on the feasibility of the power-to-ammonia concept. Power-to-ammonia uses produced excess renewable electricity to electrolyze water, and then to react the obtained hydrogen with nitrogen, which is obtained through air separation, to produce ammonia. This process may be used as a “balancing load” to consume excess electricity on the grid and maintain grid stability. The product, ammonia, plays the role of a chemical storage option for excess renewable energy. This excess energy in the form of ammonia can be stored for long periods of time using mature technologies and an existing global infrastructure, and can further be used either as a fuel or a chemical commodity. Ammonia has a higher energy density than hydrogen; it is easier to store and transport than hydrogen, and it is much easier to liquefy than methane, and offers an energy chain with low carbon emissions.The objective of this study is to analyze technical, institutional and economic aspects of power-to-ammonia and the usage of ammonia as a flexible energy carrier.
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Hydrohub beoogd een testomgeving voor electrolysers te ontwikkelen en realiseren in de proeftuin van EnTranCe. Projectdoel is om onderzoek te doen aan mid-size electrolysers om de ‘total cost of equipment’ te reduceren door kritisch te kijken en onderzoek te doen naar CAPEX- en OPEX vermindering, Verbetering van efficiency en behoud of verbetering van levenduur (of een positieve combinatie van deze factoren). In het eerste deel van het project (hydrohub-1) is e.e.a. ontworpen en gebouwd (utilities + infrastructuur bij EnTranCe + PEM-electrolser door TNO + Alkaline electrolyser door HyCC/Nobian/ISPT) Het project Hydrohub-II beoogt het ‘in bedrijfstellen van de systemen’ en het operationeel maken. Vervolgens het beoogde onderzoek uit te voeren.
