Deze paper geeft antwoord op de vraag welke betekenis toegang tot recht heeft in wetenschappelijke literatuur, hoe dit in de wet verankerd en in beleid vorm krijgt en hoe zich dit verhoudt tot andere landen. Daartoe wordt ook beschreven welke ontwikkelingen er zijn in de manieren waarop burgers toegang tot recht in praktijk (proberen te) realiseren. Het doel is inzicht te krijgen in de betekenis van toegang tot recht en ‘de staat van’ toegang tot recht in Nederland. De paper heeft de volgende structuur. Hij vangt aan met een verkenning van wetenschappelijke literatuur over de betekenis en het belang van toegang tot recht als ideaal in een moderne rechtsstaat. Dan een beschrijving van de juridische achtergrond en de ontwikkelingen in beleid. Er lijkt grote consensus over de wenselijkheid van toegankelijkheid van het recht voor burgers in algemene zin, maar er zijn recent veel wettelijke en beleidsmatige veranderingen doorgevoerd die invloed hebben op de toegankelijkheid van het recht. Ten slotte volgen enkele kritische kanttekeningen bij ontwikkelingen die deze toegankelijkheid beperken. Er zitten risico’s aan de huidige nadruk op (juridische) zelfredzaamheid van burgers in een complexe samenleving met zoveel regeldrukte als de onze.
Mediators generally find mediation of hierarchical workplace conflicts difficult, as it often involves structural power imbalances. This dissertation seeks to increase knowledge of how hierarchical conflict affects how parties and mediators perceive mediation across dyads and across time. Three questions are central to this: (a) How effective in the long-term is the mediation of hierarchical workplace conflicts? (b) How does perceived situational power in supervisor-subordinate dyads relate to mediation effectiveness? (c) Do supervisors and subordinates differ in their emotional experiences during mediation, and are mediators able to perceive these emotions accurately? To answer these questions, we rely on the literature on power, emotions, mediation, and conflict management. We introduce our research via a heuristic model (chapter one). We then present our quantitative empirical research in three chapters based on survey data we collected from supervisors, subordinates, and
Transboundary conservation has an important, yet often undervalued, role in the international conservation regime. When applied to the legally ambiguous and interconnected marine environment this is magnified. The lack of clear guidance for transboundary marine conservation from the international conservation community exacerbates this problem, leaving individual initiatives to develop their own governance arrangements. Yet, well-managed transboundary marine protected areas (MPAs) have the potential to contribute significantly to global conservation aims. Conversely, in a period where there is increasing interest in marine resources and space from all sectors, the designation of MPAs can create or amplify a regional conflict. In some instances, states have used MPAs to extend rights over disputed marine resources, restrict the freedom of others and establish sovereignty over maritime space. Six case studies were taken from Europe, North Africa and the Middle East to illustrate how states have interpreted and utilized different legislative mechanisms to either come together or diverge over the governance of marine resources or maritime space. Each of the case studies illustrates how different actors have used the same legislative tools, but with different interpretations and applications, to justify their claims. It is clear that the role of science combined with a deeper engagement with stakeholders can play a critical role in tempering conflict between states. Where states are willing to cooperate, the absence of clear guidelines at the global level means that often ad hoc measures are put into place, with the international frameworks then playing catch up. Balancing different jurisdictional claims with the conservation of the marine environment, whilst considering the increasing special economic interests will become increasingly difficult. Developing a transboundary conservation tool, such as the simple conservation caveats found in the Barcelona Convention and Antarctic Convention, which allow for the establishment of intergovernmental cooperation without prejudicing any outstanding jurisdictional issue, would provide a framework for the development of individual transboundary MPAs.
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