This essay investigates the Iranian encounter with and influence on the international modernist movement. The reception of international modernist discourses and their weaving into Iranian housing- and city-building practices contributed to the formation of a peculiar, alternative, and indigenous version of modernism that took hold in the 1950s. While such practices were clearly part of the international modern movement, they were simultaneously definable as uniquely Iranian. By analyzing the Narmak quarter in Tehran, this paper explores how the production of a middle-class neighborhood became part of a nation-building strategy. Through processes of moderation and appropriation, the idealistic modernist version was made more practical based on pre-existing socio-cultural characteristics and typological elements. Ultimately, this local version of modernism led to the acceptance of modernism, provoked an urban reaction and produced some unexpected social consequences.
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In deze tekst wordt de TWEXX methode, ontwikkelt in de Enschedese wijk Twekkelerveld, geordend, beschreven, geanalyseerd en kritisch doorgelicht. De ondertitel ontwikkelingsgericht participatiemodel is niet voor niets gekozen. Het gaat in deze methode om participatie en ontwikkeling van mensen, sociale netwerken, organisaties en plannen en strategieen. En dat is geen geringe opgave. Het raamwerk van het model bestaat uit vijf samenhangende onderdelen. De Twexx methode is de invulling daarvan toegepast in Enschede. Het model is in principe overal toepasbaar wanneer de principes worden omgezet in maatwerk, gerelateerd aan de lokale context, de mogelijkheden en de ambities. Deze tekst is bedoeld om inzicht te verschaffen in de zoektocht naar een methodische aanpak van bewonersparticipatie binnen de dynamische wereld van het wijkgerichte werken. En vooral hoe, waar en op welke wijze bottom-up en top-down elkaar kunnen versterken.
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This open access book presents a selection of the best contributions to the Digital Cities 9 Workshop held in Limerick in 2015, combining a number of the latest academic insights into new collaborative modes of city making that are firmly rooted in empirical findings about the actual practices of citizens, designers and policy makers. It explores the affordances of new media technologies for empowering citizens in the process of city making, relating examples of bottom-up or participatory practices to reflections about the changing roles of professional practitioners in the processes, as well as issues of governance and institutional policymaking.
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