From the article: Abstract Over the last decades, philosophers and cognitive scientists have argued that the brain constitutes only one of several contributing factors to cognition, the other factors being the body and the world. This position we refer to as Embodied Embedded Cognition (EEC). The main purpose of this paper is to consider what EEC implies for the task interpretation of the control system. We argue that the traditional view of the control system as involved in planning and decision making based on beliefs about the world runs into the problem of computational intractability. EEC views the control system as relying heavily on the naturally evolved fit between organism and environment. A ‘lazy’ control structure could be ‘ignorantly successful’ in a ‘user friendly’ world, by facilitating the transitory creation of a flexible and integrated set of behavioral layers that are constitutive of ongoing behavior. We close by discussing the types of questions this could imply for empirical research in cognitive neuroscience and robotics.
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There is an emerging interest in understanding the cognitive, emotional and motivational processes that drive tourists’ behaviour using neuroscientific research methods. This chapter briefly reviews the main methods of interest to tourism researchers, to then focuses on electroencephalography, which reflects electrical activity from the brain. Event-related potentials or electroencephalography oscillations reflect cognitive and affective processes. Components of the former can index emotional brain responses, and alpha oscillations are related to attention and approach/withdrawal. Existing tourism literature/using electroencephalography are reviewed. This is a promising tool for studying a range of phenomena that are of interest to tourism scholars, but require careful use of methods and interpretation.
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Mounting evidence supports the use of face-to-face pain neuroscience education for the treatment of chronic pain patients. This study aimed at examining whether written education about pain neuroscience improves illness perceptions, catastrophizing, and health status in patients with fibromyalgia. A double-blind, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial with 6-month follow-up was conducted. Patients with FM (n = 114) that consented to participate were randomly allocated to receive either written pain neuroscience education or written relaxation training. Written pain neuroscience education comprised of a booklet with pain neuroscience education plus a telephone call to clarify any difficulties; the relaxation group received a booklet with relaxation education and a telephone call. The revised illness perception questionnaire, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and fibromyalgia impact questionnaire were used as outcome measures. Both patients and assessors were blinded. Repeated-measures analyses with last observation carried forward principle were performed. Cohen's d effect sizes (ES) were calculated for all within-group changes and between-group differences. The results reveal that written pain neuroscience education does not change the impact of FM on daily life, catastrophizing, or perceived symptoms of patients with FM. Compared with written relaxation training, written pain neuroscience education improved beliefs in a chronic timeline of FM (P = 0.03; ES = 0.50), but it does not impact upon other domains of illness perceptions. Compared with written relaxation training, written pain neuroscience education slightly improved illness perceptions of patients with FM, but it did not impart clinically meaningful effects on pain, catastrophizing, or the impact of FM on daily life. Face-to-face sessions of pain neuroscience education are required to change inappropriate cognitions and perceived health in patients with FM.
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Abstract Background: Patients with glioma often suffer from cognitive deficits. Physical exercise has been effective in ameliorating cognitive deficits in older adults and neurological patients. This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) explored the possible impact of an exercise intervention, designed to improve cognitive functioning in glioma patients, regarding cognitive test performance and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Methods: Thirty-four clinically stable patients with World Health Organization grades II/III glioma were randomized to a home-based remotely coached exercise group or an active control group. Patients exercised 3 times per week for 20-45 minutes, with moderate to vigorous intensity, during 6 months. At baseline and immediate follow-up, cognitive performance and PROs were assessed with neuropsychological tests and questionnaires, respectively. Linear regression analyses were used to estimate effect sizes of potential between-group differences in cognitive performance and PROs at 6 months. Results: The exercise group (n = 21) had small- to medium-sized better follow-up scores than the control group (n = 11) on several measures of attention and information processing speed, verbal memory, and executive function, whereas the control group showed a slightly better score on a measure of sustained selective attention. The exercise group also demonstrated small- to medium-sized better outcomes on measures of self-reported cognitive symptoms, fatigue, sleep, mood, and mental health-related quality of life. Conclusions: This small exploratory RCT in glioma patients provides a proof of concept with respect to improvement of cognitive functioning and PROs after aerobic exercise, and warrants larger exercise trials in brain tumor patients.
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This pilot study explores the possibility of cognitive training software Neurotracker (NT), to have potential beneficial effects for Traumatic Brain Injury patients with Sensory Processing Disorder. Five subjects with TBI and SPD trained for 5 weeks/21 sessions with Neurotracker. Pre-post training cognitive tests (WAIS TMTA, TMTB, LNS) and surveys were conducted to measure possible cognitive differences with no statistical significant results. However, significant improvement in Neurotracker scores were found. =2.73, SD = 0.55) and positive changes associated with attention attention span, divided attention, (multiple) object tracking and motion sickness. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/bernard-de-roosz-28b96b125/
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Background: Children with auditory processing disorders (APD) seem to have difficulties in auditory functioning, and with cognitive, language and reading tasks. However, it is not clear whether the behavioural characteristic of children with APD are distinctive from the behavioural characteristics of children with another developmental disorder, like specific language impairment (SLI), dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Aim: The aim of this study was to determine which characteristics overlap between children with APD versus SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, or ASD.
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Background: Children with auditory processing disorders (APD) seem to have difficulties in auditory functioning, and with cognitive, language and reading tasks. However, it is not clear whether the behavioural characteristic of children with APD are distinctive from the behavioural characteristics of children with another developmental disorder, like specific language impairment (SLI), dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Aim: The aim of this study was to determine which characteristics overlap between children with APD versus SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, or ASD.
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