With a growing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road and charging infrastructure investments lagging, occupation of installed charging stations is growing and available charging points for EV drivers are becoming scarce. Installing more charging infrastructure is problematic from both a public(tax payers money, parking availability) and private (business case) perspective. Increasing the utilization of available charging stations is one of the solutions to satisfy the growing charging need of EV drivers and managing other stakeholders interests. Currently, in the Netherlands only 15-25% of the time connected to a public charging station is actually used for charging. The longest 4% of all sessions account for over 20% of all time connected while barely using this time for actually charging. The behaviour in which EV users stay connected to a charging station longer than necessary to charge their car is called “charging station hogging”. Using a large dataset (1.3 million sessions) on publiccharging infrastructure usage, this paper analyses the inefficient use of charging stations along three axes: where the hogging takes place (spatial), by whom (the characteristics of the user) and during which time frames (day, week and year). Using the results potential solutions are evaluated and assessed including their potential and pitfalls.
IntroductionThe growing availability of data offers plenty of opportunities for data-driven innovation of business models. This certainly applies to interactive mediacompanies. Interactive media companies are engaged in the development, provisioning, and exploitation of interactive media services and applications.Through the service interactions, they may collect large amounts of data which can be used to enhance applications or even define new propositions and business models. According to Lippell (2016), media companies can publish content in more sophisticated ways. They can build a deeper and more engaging customer relationship based on a deeper understanding of their users. Indeed, research from Weill & Woerner (2015) suggests that companies involved in the digitalecosystem that better understand their customers than their average competitor have significantly higher profit margins than their industry averages. Moreover, the same research suggests that businesses need to think more broadly about their position in the ecosystem. Open innovation and collaboration are essential for new growth, for example combining data within and across industries (Parmar et al., 2014). However, according to (Mathis and Köbler, 2016), these opportunities remain largely untapped as especially SMEs lack the knowledge and processes to translate data into attractive propositions and design viable data driven business models (DDBM). In this paper, we investigate how interactive media companies can structurally gain more insight and value from data and how they can develop DDBM. We define a DDBM as a business model relying on data as a key resource (Hartmann et al., 2016).
This project researches risk perceptions about data, technology, and digital transformation in society and how to build trust between organisations and users to ensure sustainable data ecologies. The aim is to understand the user role in a tech-driven environment and her perception of the resulting relationships with organisations that offer data-driven services/products. The discourse on digital transformation is productive but does not truly address the user’s attitudes and awareness (Kitchin 2014). Companies are not aware enough of the potential accidents and resulting loss of trust that undermine data ecologies and, consequently, forfeit their beneficial potential. Facebook’s Cambridge Analytica-situation, for instance, led to 42% of US adults deleting their accounts and the company losing billions. Social, political, and economic interactions are increasingly digitalised, which comes with hands-on benefits but also challenges privacy, individual well-being and a fair society. User awareness of organisational practices is of heightened importance, as vulnerabilities for users equal vulnerabilities for data ecologies. Without transparency and a new “social contract” for a digital society, problems are inevitable. Recurring scandals about data leaks and biased algorithms are just two examples that illustrate the urgency of this research. Properly informing users about an organisation’s data policies makes a crucial difference (Accenture 2018) and for them to develop sustainable business models, organisations need to understand what users expect and how to communicate with them. This research project tackles this issue head-on. First, a deeper understanding of users’ risk perception is needed to formulate concrete policy recommendations aiming to educate and build trust. Second, insights about users’ perceptions will inform guidelines. Through empirical research on framing in the data discourse, user types, and trends in organisational practice, the project develops concrete advice - for users and practitioners alike - on building sustainable relationships in a resilient digital society.
