The world of electric mobility and charging infrastructure has accelerated in recent years: from a start-up to a mature market. During the last decade, researchers at Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences have contributed to making the rollout and use of charging infrastructure smarter. By analysing data, simulating future scenarios, testing in practice and developing the necessary hardware, a step towards a mature market has been taken.In this book, we give you insight into this research, focusing on the last five years in which the Future Charging research project took place. We wish you a lot of reading pleasure and inspiration in order to jointly take the next step towards a zero-impact world through mobility.
Electric vehicles and renewable energy sources are collectively being developed as a synergetic implementation for smart grids. In this context, smart charging of electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid technologies are seen as a way forward to achieve economic, technical and environmental benefits. The implementation of these technologies requires the cooperation of the end-electricity user, the electric vehicle owner, the system operator and policy makers. These stakeholders pursue different and sometime conflicting objectives. In this paper, the concept of multi-objective-techno-economic-environmental optimisation is proposed for scheduling electric vehicle charging/discharging. End user energy cost, battery degradation, grid interaction and CO2 emissions in the home micro-grid context are modelled and concurrently optimised for the first time while providing frequency regulation. The results from three case studies show that the proposed method reduces the energy cost, battery degradation, CO2 emissions and grid utilisation by 88.2%, 67%, 34% and 90% respectively, when compared to uncontrolled electric vehicle charging. Furthermore, with multiple optimal solutions, in order to achieve a 41.8% improvement in grid utilisation, the system operator needs to compensate the end electricity user and the electric vehicle owner for their incurred benefit loss of 27.34% and 9.7% respectively, to stimulate participation in energy services.
