Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) may be used to assess fat free mass (FFM) with reasonable validity based on mean-level comparisons, but differences between BIA and DXA may vary by about 4 kg in an individual patient. These results require confirmation in a larger sample of HNC (Head and neck cancer) patients.
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Rationale: Sarcopenia and obesity are prevalent conditions and are both associated with negative health outcomes. ESPEN and EASO reached consensus on the definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity (SO) encompassing indicators fat mass, muscle mass, and muscle function. However, few studies report on the effect of lifestyle interventions on these SO indicators. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of combined lifestyle interventions on SO indicators and on a composite SO index.Methods: Analyses were performed on two pooled RCT’s (MPS, PROBE) in older adults with obesity participating in a 13-wk program targeting weight loss while preserving muscle mass, providing a combination of caloric restriction, higher protein intake and resistance exercise training. SO indicators measured at baseline and post-intervention included 5x chair stand test (CST) in seconds for muscle function, fat mass percentage (FM%) and appendicular lean mass divided by body weight (ALM/W) using DXA. The SO index was calculated using sex-specific z-scores: -CST(s) + ALM/W – FM%; higher scores indicating better muscle function and body composition. Mixed model analyses were performed to assess the changes from baseline to post-intervention, adjusted for sex and age.Results: A total of 154 participants (age 65±6y; 59% male, BMI 33.1±4.3kg/m2) were included. After the 13-wk lifestyle interventions, weight (-2.87kg 95%CI -4.16;-1.64) and FM% (-1.81% 95%CI -2.42;-1.21) decreased significantly, CST improved significantly (-1.51s 95%CI -2.02;-1.00) from baseline and ALM/W was maintained (0kg/kg 95%CI 0.01;0.01). The SO index improved (+1.16 z-score 95%CI 0.86;1.44).Conclusion: Lifestyle interventions combining nutrition & exercise improved individual SO indicators and the SO index in older adults with obesity. The SO index could be a useful and sensitive criterion in the prevention and management of sarcopenic obesity.
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Background & aim The aim of this study was to describe a decrease in resting energy expenditure during weight loss that is larger than expected based on changes in body composition, called adaptive thermogenesis (AT), in overweight and obese older adults. Methods Multiple studies were combined to assess AT in younger and older subjects. Body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) were measured before and after weight loss. Baseline values were used to predict fat free mass and fat mass adjusted REE after weight loss. AT was defined as the difference between predicted and measured REE after weight loss. The median age of 55 y was used as a cutoff to compare older with younger subjects. The relation between AT and age was investigated using linear regression analysis. Results In this study 254 (M = 88, F = 166) overweight and obese subjects were included (BMI: 31.7 ± 4.4 kg/m2, age: 51 ± 14 y). The AT was only significant for older subjects (64 ± 185 kcal/d, 95% CI [32, 96]), but not for younger subjects (19 ± 152 kcal/d, 95% CI [−9, 46]). The size of the AT was significantly higher for older compared to younger adults (β = 47, p = 0.048), independent of gender and type and duration of the weight loss program. Conclusions We conclude that adaptive thermogenesis is present only in older subjects, which might have implications for weight management in older adults. A reduced energy intake is advised to counteract the adaptive thermogenesis.
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Printplaten (PCB's) zijn essentieel in elektronische producten. Ze bestaan uit een drager, geleidende kopersporen en een beschermende soldermask-laag. PCB's worden geproduceerd via fotolithografie en etstechnieken, wat kostenefficiënt is voor massaproductie, maar niet voor kleine oplages. Dit vormt een probleem wanneer bedrijven één PCB nodig hebben, bijvoorbeeld in de ontwerp- of prototypefase en bij eenmalige installaties. Bedrijven zoals 100%FAT en Edulogics bestellen dan meerdere PCB's, waarvan ze slechts één gebruiken. PCB-productiebedrijf DeltaProto beaamt dat bijna al hun klanten op deze manier werken. Dit leidt tot verspilling. Bovendien maken bedrijven zich, bij uitbesteding van PCB-productie, zorgen over veiligheid van hun ontwerpen en ecologische voetafdruk van productie en verzending. Digital manufacturing maakt het mogelijk om in-house PCB’s te maken. Dit biedt flexibiliteit en snelheid, maar het ontbreekt aan een methode om een kwalitatief goede soldermask-laag aan te brengen. Deze PCB’s voldoen niet aan industrie-standaarden, waardoor bedrijven deze methode niet gebruiken. Dit project richt zich op de ontwikkeling van een methode voor additive manufacturing, zoals inkjet-printing, van soldermask op PCB's, zodat ze voldoen aan industrie-standaarden. Additive manufacturing wordt digitaal gestuurd dus maakt snelle ontwerpwijzigingen mogelijk en materiaal wordt alleen aangebracht waar nodig. Dit minimaliseert verspilling, verlaagt opstartkosten en maakt in-house productie van prototype-PCB’s geschikt voor professioneel gebruik. Een eenjarig verkennend onderzoek is nodig om technische uitdagingen en eisen voor het aanbrengen van een soldermask-laag te begrijpen en een prototype te ontwikkelen als proof-of-concept. Wanneer deze technologie wordt ontwikkeld, zal in-house PCB-productie bijdragen aan sneller, beter en verantwoord ontwerpen van elektronica. Dit projectvoorstel past binnen het innovatiedomein Smart Industry door de focus op flexibele en duurzame productie van prototype-PCB's. Het draagt bij aan technologieontwikkeling en heeft een duidelijke maatschappelijke impact. Daarnaast sluit het aan bij innovatiedomeinen Mechatronics en Optomechatronics en sleutel technologieën Advanced Materials en Engineering and fabrication technologies, wat de relevantie verder onderstreept.
About half of the polymeric materials used for polymer-based 3D printing are cross-linked photopolymers (thermosets) that are made from fossil raw materials and are not recyclable, repairable or reprocessable. Given the growth of the 3D printing market combined with societal concerns surrounding plastic waste, there is an increasing demand from the field for sustainable, circular 3D printing materials. This project, building on "GOCH.KIEM.KGC02.022", will work on the sustainability of thermoset polymers for 3D printing. Different aspects of sustainability will be addressed along the entire value chain: - Biomass as feedstock: e.g. CO2, lignin or fatty acid-based raw materials (Cargill). - Sustainable, safe and scalable flow chemistry processes for the synthesis of the biobased building blocks (ZUYD, HANZE, Chemtrix). - Design of thermoset photopolymers with dynamic bonds (vitrimers), e.g. polymethacrylates with imine (UM) and ester bonds (RUG). Dynamic bonds in vitrimers, under the influence of a stimulus such as temperature, can give rise to a material that is processable like a thermoplastic, opening the way to recycling, repair or reprocessing of thermosets. - Circularity of materials in 3D printing processes: the developed building blocks will be used for 3D printing prototypes, characterized by a short lifespan, via stereolithography (NHLS, Liqcreate). These prototypes will then be recycled into monofilaments/granulates for extrusion-based 3D printing (FDM) (NHLS, Ultimaker, CHILL). The market potential of the reprinted materials will be explored by our network partners (Binder3D, CHILL) who search the best applications. Additional project partners will be attracted to show via demonstrators that different 3D printing processes can be successfully completed with the same material. The materials developed in this project thus offer the field a practical solution to the sustainability challenges associated with the rapid market growth of 3D printed materials.
