Ship-source greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could increase by up to 250% from 2012 levels by 2050 owing to increasing global freight volumes. Binding international legal agreements to regulate GHGs, however, are lacking as technical solutions remain expensive and crucial industrial support is absent. In 2003, IMO adopted Resolution A.963 (23) to regulate shipping CO2 emissions via technical, operational, and market-based routes. However, progress has been slow and uncertain; there is no concrete emission reduction target or definitive action plan. Yet, a full-fledged roadmap may not even emerge until 2023. In this policy analysis, we revisit the progress of technical, operational, and market-based routes and the associated controversies. We argue that 1) a performance-based index, though good-intentioned, has loopholes affecting meaningful CO2 emission reductions driven by technical advancements; 2) using slow steaming to cut energy consumption stands out among operational solutions thanks to its immediate and obvious results, but with the already slow speed in practice, this single source has limited emission reduction potential; 3) without a technology-savvy shipping industry, a market-based approach is essentially needed to address the environmental impact. To give shipping a 50:50 chance for contributing fairly and proportionately to keep global warming below 2°C, deep emission reductions should occur soon.
This article provides an introduction to the topic of multinational management. Multinational management employs a set of principles, theories and models, forming a systematic framework for managing organizations in a global context. This introduction will provide an embarkation point so as to demystify the term "multinational management" and to show that, while there are management similarities with its domestic counterpart, significant differences and challenges exist. As a foundational step, a working definition of two key concepts will be provided: multinational management and the multinational corporation. Likewise, we'll identify the key drivers of multinational management activity and examine the location determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) choices. Specifically, we'll highlight the two principal means of FDI: Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and green-field investment. In conclusion, a close examination of the multinational strategic management process will be provided, with particular emphasis placed on environmental scanning and strategy formulation.
LINK
This paper addresses the extraterritorial dimension of transnational corporations, focusing on the corporate accountability-deficit that characterizes the current International legal framework. The analysis looks at parent companies’ civil liability for environmental harm caused abroad. By introducing a selected number of foreign direct liability cases brought before European national courts, the paper investigates whether the binding environmental and human rights reporting obligations contained in Directive 2014/95/EU contribute to the determination of a parent company’s duty of care towards its overseas subsidiaries, and consequently establish their potential liability.
