Elke periode kent zijn eigen revolutie en elke revolutie brengt zijn eigen organisatorische model met zich mee. We bevinden ons nu in de 4e industri¨ele revolutie, waar het internet van dingen ons verbindt met autonome embedded systemen. Deze systemen zijn actief in de virtuele ’cyber’ wereld, alsook in de echte ’fysieke’ wereld om ons heen. Deze zogenoemde ’Cyber-Fysieke’ Systemen volgen daarmee een modern organisatorisch model, namelijk zelfmanagement, en zijn dan ook in staat zelf proactieve acties te ondernemen. Dit proefschrift belicht productiesystemen vanuit het Cyber-Fysieke perspectief. De productiesystemen zijn hier herconfigureerbaar, autonoom en zeer flexibel. Dit kan enkel worden bereikt door het ontwikkelen van nieuwe methodes en het toepassen van nieuwe technologie¨en die flexibiliteit verder bevorderen. Echter, effici¨entie is ook van belang, bijvoorbeeld door productassemblage zo flexibel te maken dat het daardoor kosteneffici¨ent is om de productie van diverse producten met een lage oplage, zogenaamde high-mix, low volume producten, te automatiseren. De mogelijkheid om zo flexibel te kunnen produceren moet bereikt worden door de creatie van nieuwe methoden en middelen, waarbij nieuwe technologie¨en worden gecombineerd; een belangrijk aspect hierbij is dat dit toepasbaar getest moet worden door gebruik van simulatoren en speciaal hiervoor ontwikkelde productiesystemen. Dit onderzoek zal beginnen met het introduceren van het concept achter de bijbehorende productiemethodologie, welke Grid Manufacturing is genoemd. Grid Manufacturing wordt uitgevoerd door autonome entiteiten (agenten) die zowel de productiesystemen zelf, als de producten representeren. Producten leven dan al in de virtuele cyber wereld voordat zij daadwerkelijk zijn gebouwd, en zijn zich bewust uit welke onderdelen zij gemaakt moeten worden. De producten communiceren en overleggen met de autonome herconfigureerbare productiesystemen, de zogenaamde equiplets. Deze equiplets leveren generieke diensten aan een grote diversiteit aan producten, die hierdoor op elk moment geproduceerd kunnen worden. Het onderzoek focust hierbij specifiek op de equiplets en de technische uitdagingen om dynamisch geautomatiseerde productie mogelijk te maken. Om Grid Manufacturing mogelijk te maken is er een set van technologische uitdagingen onderzocht. De achtergrond, onderzoeksaanpak en concepten zijn dan ook de eerste drie inleidende hoofdstukken. Daarna begint het onderzoek met Hoofdstuk 4 Object Awareness. Dit hoofdstuk beschrijft een dynamische manier waarop informatie uit verschillende autonome systemen gecombineerd wordt om objecten te herkennen, lokaliseren en daarmee te kunnen manipuleren. Hoofdstuk 5 Herconfiguratie beschrijft hoe producten communiceren met de equiplets en welke achterliggende systemen ervoor zorgen dat, ondanks | Dutch Summary 232 dat het product niet bekend is met de hardware van de equiplet, deze toch in staat is acties uit te voeren. Tevens beschrijft het hoofdstuk hoe de equiplets omgaan met verschillende hardwareconfiguraties en ondanks de aanpassingen zichzelf toch kunnen besturen. De equiplet kan dan ook aangepast worden zonder dat deze opnieuw geprogrammeerd hoeft te worden. In Hoofdstuk 6 Architectuur wordt vervolgens dieper ingegaan op de bovenliggende architectuur van de equiplets. Hier worden prestaties gecombineerd met flexibiliteit, waarvoor een hybride architectuur is ontwikkeld die het grid van equiplets controleert door het gebruik van twee platformen: Multi-Agent System (MAS) en Robot Operating System (ROS). Nadat de architectuur is vastgesteld, wordt er in Hoofdstuk 7 onderzocht hoe deze veilig ingezet kan worden. Hierbij wordt een controlesysteem ingevoerd dat het systeemgedrag bepaalt, waarmee het gedrag van de equiplets transparant wordt gemaakt. Tevens zal een simulatie met input van de sensoren uit de fysieke wereld ’live’ controleren of alle bewegingen veilig uitgevoerd kunnen worden. Nadat de basisfunctionaliteit van het Grid nu compleet is, wordt in Hoofdstuk 8 Validatie en Utilisatie gekeken naar hoe Grid Manufacturing gebruikt kan worden en welke nieuwe mogelijkheden deze kan opleveren. Zo wordt er besproken hoe zowel een hi¨erarchische als een heterarchische aanpak, waar alle systemen gelijk zijn, gebruikt kan worden. Daarnaast laat het hoofdstuk o.a. aan de hand van enkele voorbeelden en simulaties zien welke effecten herconfiguratie kan hebben, en welke voordelen deze aanpak zoal kan bieden.. Het proefschrift laat zien hoe met technische middelen geautomatiseerde flexibiliteit mogelijk wordt gemaakt. Hoewel het gehele concept nog volwassen zal moeten worden, worden er enkele aspecten getoond die op de korte termijn toepasbaar zijn in de industrie. Enkele voorbeelden hiervan zijn: (1) het combineren van gegevens uit diverse (autonome) bronnen voor 6D-lokalisatie; (2) een data-gedreven systeem, de zogeheten hardware-abstractielaag, die herconfigureerbare systemen controleert en de mogelijkheid biedt om deze productiesystemen aan te passen zonder deze te hoeven herprogrammeren; en (3) het gebruik van Cyber-Fysieke systemen om de veiligheid te verhogen.
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Abstract: Unlike manufacturing technology for semiconductors and printed circuit boards, the market for traditional micro assembly lacks a clear public roadmap. More agile manufacturing strategies are needed in an environment in which dealing with change becomes a rule instead of an exception. In this paper, an attempt is made to bring production with universal micro assembly cells to the next level. This is realised by placing a larger number of cells, called Equiplets, in a “Grid”. Equiplets are compact and low-cost manufacturing platforms that can be reconfigured to a broad number of applications. Benchmarking Equiplet production has shown reduced time to market and a smooth transition from R&D to Manufacturing. When higher production volumes are needed, more systems can be placed in parallel to meet the manufacturing demand. Costs of product design changes in the later stage of industrialisation have been reduced due to the modular production in grids, which allows the final design freeze to be postponed as late as possible. The need for invested capital is also pushed backwards accordingly. doi 10.1007/978-3-642-11598-1_32
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A model to describe biogas transport costs in a regional grid is presented. In the model biogas is collected to a central location by transport through dedicated pipelines. Costs have been calculated for two different lay-outs of the grid i.e. star and fishbone lay-out. The costs depend on the covered area and the size of the digesters. Model results show that in a star layout transport costs for small scale digesters are much higher than costs for large scale digesters and costs in a fishbone lay-out are lower than costs in a star lay-out.
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In this research, the experiences and behaviors of end-users in a smart grid project are explored. In PowerMatching City, the leading Dutch smart grid project, 40 households were equipped with various decentralized energy sources (PV and microCHP), hybrid heat pumps, smart appliances, smart meters and an in-home display. Stabilization and optimization of the network was realized by trading energy on the market. To reduce peak loads on the smart grid, several types of demand side management were tested. Households received feedback on their energy use either based on costs, or on the percentage of consumed energy that had been produced locally. Furthermore, devices could be controlled automatically, smartly or manually to optimize the energy use of the households. Results from quantitative and qualitative research showed that: (1) feedback on costs reduction is valued most; (2) end-users preferred to consume self-produced energy (this may even be the case when, from a cost or sustainability perspective, it is not the most efficient strategy to follow); (3) automatic and smart control are most popular, but manually controlling appliances is more rewarding; (4) experiences and behaviors of end-users depended on trust between community members, and on trust in both technology (ICT infrastructure and connected appliances) and the participating parties.
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Standard mass-production is a well-known manufacturing concept. To make small quantities or even single items of a product according to user specifications at an affordable price, alternative agile production paradigms should be investigated and developed. The system presented in this paper is based on a grid of cheap reconfigurable production units, called equiplets. A grid of these equiplets is capable to produce a variety of different products in parallel at an affordable price. The underlying agent-based software for this system is responsible for the agile manufacturing. An important aspect of this type of manufacturing is the transport of the products along the available equiplets. This transport of the products from equiplet to equiplet is quite different from standard production. Every product can have its own unique path along the equiplets. In this paper several topologies are discussed and investigated. Also, the planning and scheduling in relation to the transport constraints is subject of this study. Some possibilities of realization are discussed and simulations are used to generate results with the focus on efficiency and usability for different topologies and layouts of the grid and its internal transport system.
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Author supplied: In a production environment where different products are being made in parallel, the path planning for every product can be different. The model proposed in this paper is based on a production environment where the production machines are placed in a grid. A software entity, called product agent, is responsible for the manufacturing of a single product. The product agent will plan a path along the production machines needed for that specific product. In this paper, an optimization is proposed that will reduce the amount of transport between the production machines. The effect of two factors that influence the possibilities for reductions is shown in a simulation, using the proposed optimization scheme. These two factors are the redundancy of production steps in the grid and the
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The volume of biogas produced in agricultural areas is expected to increase in coming years. An increasing number of local and regional initiatives show a growing interest in decentralized energy production, wherein biogas can play a role. Biogas transport from production sites to user, i.e. a CHP, boiler or an upgrading installation, induces a scale advantage and an efficiency increase. Therefore the exploration of the costs and energy use of biogas transport using a dedicated infrastructure is needed. A model was developed to describe a regional biogas grid that is used to collect biogas from several digesters and deliver it to a central point. The model minimizes transport costs per volumetric unit of biogas in a region. Results are presented for different digester scales, different sizes of the biomass source area and two types of grid lay-out: a star lay-out and a fishbone lay-out. The model shows that transport costs in a fishbone lay-out are less than 10 Vct m3 for a digester scale of 100 m3 h1; for the star lay-outcosts can go up to 45 Vct m3. For 1800 m3 h1 digesters, these values are 4.0 Vct m3 and 6.1 Vct m3, respectively. The results indicate that cooperation between biogas producers in collecting biogas by means of a fishbone lay-out reduces the biogas transport costs relative to using a star lay-out. Merging smaller digesters into a smaller number of larger ones reduces the costs of biogas transport for the same biomass source area.
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Like the professionals, design students tend to avoid the complexity of the user context, and moral issues are largely overlooked. This inspired us to explore whether we could engage design students in thinking about moral issues by exploring different ethical frameworks in their designing. As a case environment we chose smart-grid product service combinations. In this paper we first discuss the ethical frameworks of four selected philosophers’: Plato, Rousseau, Kant, & Mill. Then we will describe the student design process, the resulting four smart grid service concepts and the user insights that came from a user evaluation. We discuss how this approach allowed the students to get insights in their own ethical stance and how they allowed users to reflect on possible futures. We also discuss how these ‘probing’ concepts were used within the larger smart grid project.
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The intermittency of renewable energy technologies requires adequate storage technologies. Hydrogen systems consisting of electrolysers, storage tanks, and fuel cells can be implemented as well as batteries. The requirements of the hydrogen purification unit is missing from literature. We measured the same for a 4.5 kW PEM electrolyser to be 0.8 kW for 10 min.A simulation to hybridize the hydrogen system, including its purification unit, with lithium-ion batteries for energy storage is presented; the batteries also support the electrolyser. We simulated a scenario for operating a Dutch household off-electric-grid using solar and wind electricity to find the capacities and costs of the components of the system.Although the energy use of the purification unit is small, it influences the operation of the system, affecting the sizing of the components. The battery as a fast response efficient secondary storage system increases the ability of the electrolyser to start up.
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Public lighting’s primary purpose is nighttime visibility for security and safety. How to meet so many requirements of so many stakeholders? The key to developing a good plan is to relate lighting to functions of public spaces, because street lighting is more than a technical requirement, a security need, or a design element. It can be thought of and utilized in terms of how the type, placement, and wattage affect how a street is perceived and used. With present-day used street lighting systems however, flexibility is expensive, as is maintenance and energy consumption. A new solution is to use LED lighting with a Direct Current power system. Advantages are a decrease in: energy conversions; material use; amount of switch- boxes; components; labour costs and environmental comfort. The overall implementation of LED and DC will result in better control and efficient maintenance due to integrated bidirectional communication. A challenge is the relatively high investment for these new solutions. Another challenge; DC is not a standard yet in rules and regulations. In the paper the transition to direct current public lighting system will be described with all the pros and cons. A new concept of public ownership, to overcome financial challenges will be discussed. M Hulsebosch1, P Willigenburg2 ,J Woudstra2 and B Groenewald3 1CityTec b.v., Alblasserdam, The Netherlands 2The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands 3Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa 10.1109/ICUE.2014.6904186
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