The Internet is changing the way we organize work. It is shifting the requirements for what we call the “schedule push” and the hierarchical organization that it implies, and therefore it is removing the type of control that is conventionally used to match resources to tasks, and customer demand to supplies and services. Organizational hierarchies have become too expensive to sustain, and in many cases their style of coordination is simply no longer necessary. The cost complexity of the industrial complex starts to outweigh the benefits, and the Internet is making it redundant. The question I put forward in this Article, after a short description of how I envision “the change,” is what new requirements should be met by software in order to meet the requirements of the networked economy. Business will develop from Business-to-Consumer (B2C) to Consumer-to- Business (C2B) to People-to-People (P2P), customers more and more taking control over business activities, overhead being replaced by customer focus. This is also a new reality for the software world.
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Basic human rights, like freedom of expression, freedom of the press, and privacy, are being radically transformed by new technologies. The manifestation of these rights in online spaces is known as “digital rights,” which can be impeded or empowered through the design, governance, and litigation of emerging technologies. Design defines how people encounter the digital world. Some design choices can exploit the right to privacy by commodifying attention through tactics that keep users addicted to maximize profitability; similar design mechanisms and vulnerabilities have facilitated the abuse of journalists and human rights advocates across the globe. But design can also empower human rights, providing novel tools of resistance, accountability, and accessibility, as well as the inclusion of previously underserved voices in the development process. The new capabilities offered by these technologies often transcend political boundaries, presenting complex challenges for meaningful governance and regulation. To address these challenges, collaborations like the Internet Governance Forum and NETmundial have brought together stakeholders from governments, nonprofits, industry, and academia, with efforts to address digital rights like universal internet access. Concurrently, economic forces and international trade negotiations can have substantial impacts on digital rights, with attempts to enforce steeper restrictions on intellectual property. Private actors have also fought to ensure their digital rights through litigation. In Europe, landmark cases have reshaped the international management of data and privacy. In India, indefinite shutdowns of the internet by the government were found to be unconstitutional, establishing online accessibility as a fundamental human right, intimately tied with the right to assembly. And in Africa, litigation has helped ensure freedom of speech and of the press, rights that may affect more individualsas digital technologies continue to shape media. These three spheres—design, diplomacy, and law—illustrate the complexity and ongoing debate to define, protect, and communicate digital rights. Om het artikel te kunnen lezen moet het gekocht worden: https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-694?rskey=n09nus&result=4
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Objective: To evaluate the delivery, acceptance and experiences regarding a traditional and teletreatment approach to mirror therapy as delivered in a randomized controlled trial. Design: Mixed methods, prospective study. Setting: Rehabilitation centres, hospital and private practices. Subjects: Adult patients with phantom pain following lower limb amputation and their treating physical and occupational therapists. Interventions: All patients received 4 weeks of traditional mirror therapy (n=51), followed by 6 weeks of teletreatment (n=26) or 6 weeks of self-delivered mirror therapy (n=25). Main measures: Patient files, therapist logs, log files teletreatment, acceptance questionnaire and interviews with patients and their therapists. Results: In all, 51 patients and 10 therapists participated in the process evaluation. Only 16 patients (31%) received traditional mirror therapy according to the clinical framework during the first 4 weeks. Between weeks 5 and 10, the teletreatment was used by 14 patients (56%) with sufficient dose. Teletreatment usage decreased from a median number of 31 (weeks 5–10) to 19 sessions (weeks 11–24). Satisfactory teletreatment user acceptance rates were found with patients demonstrating higher scores (e.g. regarding the usefulness to control pain) than therapists. Potential barriers for implementation of the teletreatment perceived by patients and therapists were related to insufficient training and support as well as the frequency of technical problems. Conclusion: Traditional mirror therapy and the teletreatment were not delivered as intended in the majority of patients. Implementation of the teletreatment in daily routines was challenging, and more research is needed to evaluate user characteristics that influence adherence and how technology features can be optimized to develop tailored implementation strategies.
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De laatste jaren nemen digitale innovaties een enorme vlucht, zo ook bij gemeenten met smart city-toepassingen. Door het realiseren van innovaties in de publieke ruimte kan de leefbaarheid vergroot worden, bijvoorbeeld door de doorstroom van het verkeer te verbeteren, vuilnis op tijd op te halen of toezicht te verbeteren. Vanuit de gemeentelijke praktijk en literatuur komt naar voren dat veiligheid van die voorzieningen een onderbelicht aspect is. Ook de juridische spelregels en de verdeling en verantwoordelijkheid van veilig¬heidsvraagstukken is punt van zorg in gemeentelijke organisaties, mogelijk versterkt door de veelomvattendheid en domeindoorsnijdende karakter van smart cities. Dit alles kan tot gevolg hebben dat bijvoorbeeld hackers of activisten smart city-toepas¬singen ontregelen en het vertrouwen van inwoners in dergelijke toepassingen en de gemeente als geheel afneemt. Smart cities bieden enorme mogelijkheden voor innovaties, maar zonder serieuze aandacht voor de veiligheid van die innovaties komen ze onder druk te staan en zal de technologische, maatschappelijke en daarmee economische vooruitgang aan winst inboeten. Om die uitdaging het hoofd te bieden wil de Haagse Hogeschool (HHs) samen met NHL Stenden Hogeschool (NHLS) onderzoek doen in samenwerking met gemeenten en bedrijven naar de veiligheid van smart city-toepassingen. Het doel van het onderzoek is om vast te stellen hoe digitaal veilig smart city-toepassingen zijn en om concrete oplossingen aan te reiken om die veiligheid te verbeteren, zoals ontwerpprotocollen en governance-structuren. Bij complexere dilemma’s worden nader uit te werken oplossingsrichtingen aangeboden. Dit onderzoek is een eerste stap om samen met gemeenten en coalities innovatief onderzoek te doen op een domein met veel technologische vernieuwingen en meerdere kennislacunes. Het is een opmaat richting langlopend onderzoek op dit relevante beleidsterrein waar kansen voor gemeenten, ondernemers en burgers bij elkaar komen.
