Based on the soil data established previously by a team of researchers at the Technical University of Istanbul, a wave amplification study is conducted for the town of Avcılar, Istanbul, located at about 120 km west of the epicentre of the Kocaeli earthquake of August 17, 1999. It is determined, through the use of well known computer program SHAKE, that the three major predominant periods of the ground are, 1.60, 1.00 and 0.70 s. Thus, the reasons of extensive damage occurred to 5–8 storey high residential buildings in the region, may be attributed to both the long distance effects of the high period waves of the earthquake and soil amplification.
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Olaf Koens is correspondent voor RTL Nieuws in Istanbul. Vanuit zijn standplaats doet hij verslag over de ontwikkelingen in Turkije en het Midden-Oosten. We spreken met hem over de positie van Turkije op het wereldtoneel, zijn bezoek aan het vluchtelingenkamp Moria en over zijn liefde voor de Russische klassiekers en flat whites. In een gesprek van een uur doorkruisen we Rusland, Turkije, de Kaukasus en het Midden-Oosten, dus riemen vast en luister naar ons gesprek met Olaf.
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A damage estimation exercise has been carried out using the building stock inventory and population database of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and selected European earthquake loss estimation packages: KOERILOSS, SELENA, ESCENARIS, SIGE, and DBELA. The input ground-motions, common to all models, correspond to a “credible worst case scenario” involving the rupture of the four segments of the Main Marmara Fault closest to Istanbul in a Mw 7.5 earthquake. The aim of the exercise is to assess the applicability of the selected software packages to earthquake loss estimation in the context of rapid post-earthquake response in European urban centers. The results in terms of predicted building damage and social losses are critically compared amongst each other, as well as with the results of previous scenario-based earthquake loss assessments carried out for the study area. The key methodological aspects and data needs for European rapid post-earthquake loss estimation are thus identified.
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DBELA is a Displacement-Based Earthquake Loss Assessment methodology for urban areas which relates the displacement capacity of the building stock to the displacement demand from earthquake scenarios. The building stock is modeled as a random population of building classes with varying geometrical and material properties. The period of vibration of each building in the random population is calculated using a simplified equation based on the height of the building and building type, whilst the displacement capacity at different limit states is predicted using simple equations which are a function of the randomly simulated geometrical and material properties. The displacement capacity of each building is then compared to the displacement demand obtained, from an over-damped displacement spectrum, using its period of vibration; the proportion of buildings which exceed each damage state can thus be estimated. DBELA has been calibrated to the Turkish building stock following the collection of a large database of structural characteristics of buildings from the northern Marmara region. The probabilistic distributions for each of the structural characteristics (e.g. story height, steel properties etc.) have been defined using the aforementioned database. The methodology has then been applied to predict preliminary damage distributions and social losses for the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality for a Mw 7.5 scenario earthquake.
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Geen Coentunnel in Amsterdam, dan ook geen Fatih Sultan Mehmetbrug in Istanbul.
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Exposure data available to developers of earthquake loss models are often very crudely aggregated spatially, and in such cases very considerable effort can be required to refine the geographical resolution of the building stock inventory. The influence of the geographical resolution of the exposure data for the Sea of Marmara region in Turkey is explored using several different levels of spatial aggregation to estimate the losses due to a single earthquake scenario. The results show that the total damage over an urban area, expressed as a mean damage ratio (MDR), is rather insensitive to the spatial resolution of the exposure data if a sufficiently large number of ground-motion simulations are used. However, the variability of the MDR estimates does reduce as the spatial resolution becomes higher, reducing the number of simulations required, although there appears to be a law of diminishing returns in going to very high exposure data resolution. This is largely due to the inherent and irreducible spatial variability of ground motion, which suggests that if only mean MDR estimates are needed, the effort required to refine the spatial definition of exposure data is not justified.
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Autonoom kunstenaars en ontwerpers creëren artistieke beelden en/of ontwerpen rondom die beelden gebeurtenissen (events) met de bedoeling het publiek (de burgers) te confronteren met de wereld rondom. Mij interesseren vanuit het lectoraat Image in Context van het kenniscentrum Kunst en samenleving van Academie Minerva Groningen, de wijzen waarop kunstenaars en ontwerpers hun beeldend vermogen en hun artistiek handelen inzetten om actuele kwesties onder de aandacht te brengen.
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Elke dag worden wij geconfronteerd met de internationalisering van ons bestaan en met het doorbreken van grenzen. Dramatische gebeurtenissen zoals terreuraanslagen in New York, Moskou, Istanbul of Madrid, maar ook zaken als de georganiseerde misdaad, de uitbraak van ziekten in de veestapel, de immigratie, het internet- en e-mailverkeer, het wegverkeer of vliegverkeer - het zijn allemaal verschijnselen, die zich weinig lijken aan te trekken van landsgrenzen. Toch verwachten wij, als zich problemen voordoen, dat onze overheid - of liever gezegd onze overheden - met een effectief antwoord komen. Om zo'n antwoord te kunnen waarmaken, moeten overheden hun plaats, en dus hun grenzen, kennen. Vandaar het onderwerp van deze intreerede.
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