Hoe kunnen kunstenaars hun rol als aanjager van het publieke debat blijven vervullen, nu machthebbers verdienmodellen heilig verklaren of zich totalitaire gedragen? Om deze vraag te onderzoeken vond in Kampala en Groningen het Timeline Gallery project plaats.
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Er is wereldwijd een groeiende groep milieuvluchtelingen waarvoor nog geen internationaal beschermingsregime bestaat. Het internationaal recht biedt geen adequaat antwoord. Dit artikel laat zien welke soorten milieuvluchtelingen bestaan, en zal betogen dat de bescherming van deze groep plaats kan vinden onder het VN-principe The Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Staten en de internationale gemeenschap hebben een zorgplicht voor milieuvluchtelingen. De basis hiervan ligt bij de Rechten van de Mens. De effectieve uitvoering van een aantal basisrechten wordt immers negatief beïnvloed door milieudegradatie. Tevens wordt staatssoevereiniteit steeds meer beschouwd als een verantwoordelijkheid. Via The Responsibility to Protect ontstaat er een integrale aanpak: 1) een staat is ten eerste zelf verantwoordelijk voor de bescherming van milieuvluchtelingen, 2) de internationale gemeenschap heeft een verantwoordelijkheid een staat hierbij te assisteren, en 3) indien een staat zijn milieuvluchtelingen niet wil of niet kan beschermen, verschuift de verantwoordelijkheid voor dit probleem naar de internationale gemeenschap, om collectief snel en beslissend te reageren. ABSTRACT The number of environmental refugees is growing, but an international legal protection regime is non-existent. This article shows eight different kinds of environmental refugees, and will argue that the protection of these groups can take place under the UN principle The Responsibility to Protect (R2P). States and the international community are obliged to help environmental refugees, based on the International Bill of Human Rights. The effective implementation of basic rights is influenced negatively by environmental degradation. Furthermore, changed notions regarding state sovereignty are also pointing at the responsibility of the state. The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) offers an integral approach: In first instance, the responsibility to take protective measures lies with the state itself. Secondly, the international community has a responsibility to assist. Lastly, when a state is not able or willing to protect its environmental refugees, the responsibility yields to the international community, to respond in a swift and decisive manner.
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To be able to ‘survive’ in a more and more globalising world, students of universities and universities of applied sciences must attain international competencies, in this study defined as respectively general personal, social competencies, intercultural competencies, a command of foreign languages and international academic and professional competencies. International competencies can be attained in different ways by students: internally (via foreign teachers and/or students) and/or externally (via internships and/or exchanges). The external attainment of competencies is far more successful when students are well prepared and when they receive proper supervision, both during and after their stay abroad. If this is not the case, students often tend to develop at a personal, social and (inter)cultural level, but significantly less at an academic and professional level (Stronkhorst, 2005). These students are also often unable to recognize and express which knowledge and skills they attained during their stay abroad (Orahood et al., 2004; CERI, 2008; Deardorff, 2009). With the preceding information as a starting point, the Social Work degree programme of Windesheim University of Applied Sciences in Zwolle started the minor ‘Social Work in Africa & Asia’ in the beginning of 2014. Students who participate firstly pass through a a six-week preparatory theoretical programma, followed by a three-month internship in Uganda or Vietnam. The minor concludes with a two-week postmortem programme. The practical component of the minor involves Eye4Africa, a Dutch internship supervision agency for internships in Uganda, Kenya and Vietnam. Eye4Africa arranges the internships, prepares the students for their stay abroad, both in the Netherlands and abroad, and then offers them support, coaching and intervision meetings. At the initiative of and in collaboration with Eye4Africa The Hague University of Applied Sciences carried out a qualitative study amongst eight female students of the Social Work degree programme of Windesheim University of Applied Sciences who followed the minor ‘Social Work in Africa & Asia’ during the academic year 2014-2015. The following was key to the research conducted: the question of the extent to which preparation for the Social Work in Africa & Asia minor at Windesheim University of Applied Sciences and the supervision that the Eye4Africa internship agency offers fourth-year Social Work students during their internships in Uganda in the autumn of 2014 had a positive impact on the attainment and further development of international competencies. The results have shown that the students found it very easy to recognise and express the knowledge and skills they gained during their internships. Secondly, the students mentioned clear professional, intercultural and personal, social growth. No growth or development in relation to academic competencies was observed in this study. However, this is not unusual, as the students were doing internships. Academic competencies are particularly attained when studying abroad, while professional competencies are particularly attained during internships (Hoven & Walenkamp, 2013; 2015). The main conclusion of this study is that the preparation and the supervision by Windesheim University of Applied Sciences and Eye4Africa within the framework of the minor ‘Social Work in Africa & Asia’ has aided students with regard to growth and the (further) development of international competencies. Some important short comments are that a relatively small, very one-sided sample has been interviewed and that there was no control group.
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