This is an empirical, descriptive study of tourists at sport mega-events. Its purpose is to describe tourists who attend sport mega-events. As an empirical study, it surveys tourists at two major sport mega-events in two different countries: the 2008 Olympic Games in China and the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Building on a growing body of literature related to the marketing of sport mega-events, results support that both the place (China versus South Africa) and the attraction (Olympic Games versus FIFA World Cup) influence - across a number of place image variables - the nature and composition of the tourists who are attracted to the sport mega-event. The findings suggest that the sport mega-event can be used by the host country to target potential tourists who have limited interest in the event. Further, this research finds that the tourist view of the sport mega-event is influenced by the host country and the nature of the event. The research responds to a key need in both the literature and in practice, where understanding of tourists in the SME context is needed for countries, regions and communities.
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In this paper, the authors address a literature gap with regard to sponsorship outcomes of mega-events and their host countries. This paper is about research that investigates the interrelatedness of three important images-host country, mega-event, and sponsor images-from the perspective of a cameo appearance building on the sponsorship and brand placement literature. It is based on the premise that the host city makes a cameo appearance during a mega-event for sport tourists while the event itself makes a cameo appearance for residents of the host country. The results indicate that mega-events can have a transitory influence, and that cameo effects exist, but that the patterns of relationships are different for sport tourists and residents.
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The need to better understand how to manage the real logistics operations in Schiphol Airport, a strategic hub for the economic development of the Netherlands, created the conditions to develop a project where academia and industry partnered to build a simulation model of the Schiphol Airport Landside operations. This paper presents such a model using discrete-event simulation. Arealistic representation of the open road network of the airport as well as the (un)loading dock capacities and locations of the five ground handlers of Schiphol Airport was developed. Furthermore, to provide practitioners with applicable consolidation and truck-dispatching policies, some easy-to-implement rules are proposed and implemented in the model. Preliminary results from this model show that truck-dispatching policies have a higher impact than consolidation policies in terms of both distances travelled by cooperative logistic operators working within the airport and shipments’ average flow time. Furthermore, the approach presented in this study can be used for studying similar mega-hubs
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Expos, festivals and events have become increasingly important as tools of urban developmentin recent decades. The competitive drive to put cities on the global map has led many to adoptevent-based strategies, including the creation of ‘eventful cities’, ‘festival cities’ and ‘eventportfolios’. World Expos have taken on a particular significance as ‘pulsar events’ that canshape the host city through urban development, increased tourism and place branding. Eachhost city also uses the event in a different way, and gives it a unique flavour that tempers theeventual effects. This paper reviews the literature on World Expos and their effects, identifyingthemes including Place branding, Tourism flows, Resident attitudes and Architecture and urbandevelopment. It then analyses the experience of Barcelona, twofold Expo host and a‘paradigmatic’ example of a city developed through mega events.
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English is increasingly the dominant language of academic scholarship. This means that much research produced in other languages is overlooked, a tendency strengthened by the growing power of global publishers and university ranking systems. This initial scoping study provides an exploratory review of non-English scholarship in the field of event management, drawing on an extensive literature search in Arabic, Croatian, Czech, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Slovenian and Spanish. We find a considerable number of event management publications in these languages, which effectively represent a ‘missing body of knowledge’ for scholars working in English. Only about 10% of these non-English sources are covered by Scopus, for example. Our scoping study indicates that this excludes many scholars and potentially interesting areas of work from the global event management corpus. We suggest several strategies which could be employed to address these issues.
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All over the world, sport events are seen as significant tools for creating positive social impact. This is understandable, as sport events have the power to attract enthusiastic participants, volunteers and to reach large audiences of visitors and followers via (social) media. Outbursts of excitement, pleasure and feelings of camaraderie are experienced among millions of people in the case of mega events. Still, a fairly large section of the population does not care that much for sports. Some may experience road blocks, litter and noise disturbance from the events. Sport events generally require investments, often from local or national authorities. Concerned citizens rightfully point at alternative usage of public money (e.g. schools, health care). Thrills and excitement are good things, but does that warrant public money being spent on? Or is there a broader social significance of sport events? Can sport events help alleviate societal issues (like cohesion, inequality and non-participation), do they generate a social impact beyond what spectators experience during the event? In this report the authors have aimed to describe the state of play as regards the evidence for the occurrence of a social impact from sport events and the strategies that are required to enhance social impact from sport events. For the report, an extensive scan of the literature was performed and input was collected from a key group of international experts.
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Onderzoekers van het MOVES-onderzoeksprogramma hebben een vierde whitepaper uitgebracht. In deze publicatie is de belangrijkste kennis over maatschappelijke effecten van topsportevenementen bij elkaar gebracht. Ook zijn er kennishiaten benoemd die richting geven aan vervolgonderzoek. De thema’s die worden behandeld zijn: sportdeelname, welzijn, sociale cohesie, trots en geluk. Daarnaast is beschreven op welke manier topsportevenementen als hefboom (‘podium’) gebruikt kunnen worden en hoe dat tot impact en legacy kan leiden. Dit whitepaper maakt deel uit van werkpakket 4.
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The ambition to host mega sports events is (or can be) perfectly justifiable with various arguments. The most persistently used argument is the supposed financial or direct economic gain for the host economy, of which the compelling body of evidence is discouraging. This implies that the justification for hosting should come from a different, broader economic angle. This paper provides a critical discussion of the myriad of economic and frequently intangible effects that could be put forward in the public debate preceding the submission of a bid. Paradoxically, most of these effects are not, or infrequently employed in public debates.
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In toenemende mate wordt er onderzoek gedaan naar de economische en maatschappelijke effecten van sportevenementen (Cashman et al., 2004). Veel onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd in opdracht van beleidsmakers en de politiek om de publieke financiering van sportevenementen te legitimeren. De focus van dit type onderzoek ligt veelal op korte termijn economische impact, maar de aandacht verschuift steeds meer richting lange termijn effecten (legacy) die zowel positief als negatief kunnen uitpakken (Preuss, 2007). Sportevenementen kunnen een sociale impact hebben op deelnemers, vrijwilligers en lokale communities door het creëren van sociale netwerken, trots, in- en uitsltuiting, cohesie, veranderingen in attitudes en tradities etc (Richards, De Brito & Wilks, 2013).
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De NLsportraad heeft zich gebogen over de maatschappelijke en economische impact van grote sportevenementen. De NLsportraad heeft bezien welke doelen en effecten sportevenementen kunnen hebben en hoe deze het best kunnen worden gemeten. In een reeks van vier essays staat de NLsportraad stil bij de wetenschappelijke stand van zaken over de impact van sportevenementen, in de vorm van bijdragen van experts. In opdracht van de NLsportraad hebben verschillende experts een essay geschreven over (1) de economische impact van sportevenementen, (2) de sociale impact van sportevenementen, (3) de mediawaarde en (4) de maatschappelijke kosten-batenanalyse voor sportevenementen
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