This paper assesses wind resource characteristics and energy yield for micro wind turbines integrated on noise barriers. An experimental set-up with sonic anemometers placed on top of the barrier in reference positions is realized. The effect on wind speed magnitude, inflow angle and turbulence intensity is analysed. The annual energy yield of a micro wind turbine is estimated and compared using data from a micro-wind turbine wind tunnel experiment and field data. Electrical energy costs are discussed as well as structural integration cost reduction and the potential energy yield could decrease costs. It was found that instantaneous wind direction towards the barrier and the height of observation play an influential role for the results. Wind speed increases in perpendicular flows while decreases in parallel flow, by +35% down to −20% from the reference. The azimuth of the noise barrier expressed in wind field rotation angles was found to be influential resulted in 50%–130% changes with respect to annual energy yield. A micro wind turbine (0.375 kW) would produce between 100 and 600 kWh annually. Finally, cost analysis with cost reductions due to integration and the energy yield changes due to the barrier, show a LCOE reduction at 60%–90% of the reference value. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104206
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tract Micro wind turbines can be structurally integrated on top of the solid base of noise barriers near highways. A number of performance factors were assessed with holistic experiments in wind tunnel and in the field. The wind turbines underperformed when exposed in yawed flow conditions. The theoretical cosθ theories for yaw misalignment did not always predict power correctly. Inverter losses turned out to be crucial especially in standby mode. Combination of standby losses with yawed flow losses and low wind speed regime may even result in a net power consuming turbine. The micro wind turbine control system for maintaining optimal power production underperformed in the field when comparing tip speed ratios and performance coefficients with the values recorded in the wind tunnel. The turbine was idling between 20%–30% of time as it was assessed for sites with annual average wind speeds of three to five meters per second without any power production. Finally, the field test analysis showed that inadequate yaw response could potentially lead to 18% of the losses, the inverter related losses to 8%, and control related losses to 33%. The totalized loss led to a 48% efficiency drop when compared with the ideal power production measured before the inverter. Micro wind turbine’s performance has room for optimization for application in turbulent wind conditions on top of noise barriers. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051288
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Citizen participation in local renewable energy projects is often promoted as many suppose it to be a panacea for the difficulties that are involved in the energy transition process. Quite evidently, it is not; there is a wide variety of visions, ideologies and interests related to an ‘energy transition’. Such a variety is actually a precondition for a stakeholder participation process, as stakeholder participation only makes sense if there is ‘something at stake’. Conflicting viewpoints, interests and debates are the essence of participation. The success of stakeholder participation implies that these differences are acknowledged, and discussed, and that this has created mutual understanding among stakeholders. It does not necessarily create ‘acceptance’. Renewable energy projects often give rise to local conflict. The successful implementation of local renewable energy systems depends on the support of the local social fabric. While at one hand decisions to construct wind turbines in specific regions trigger local resistance, the opposite also occurs! Solar parks sometimes create a similar variation: Various communities try to prevent the construction of solar parks in their vicinity, while other communities proudly present their parks. Altogether, local renewable energy initiatives create a rather chaotic picture, if regarded from the perspective of government planning. However, if we regard the successes, it appears the top down initiatives are most successful in areas with a weak social fabric, like industrial areas, or rather recently reclaimed land. Deeply rooted communities, virtually only have successful renewable energy projects that are more or less bottom up initiatives. This paper will first sketch why participation is important, and present a categorisation of processes and procedures that could be applied. It also sketches a number of myths and paradoxes that might occur in participation processes. ‘Compensating’ individuals and/or communities to accept wind turbines or solar parks is not sufficient to gain ‘acceptance’. A basic feature of many debates on local renewable energy projects is about ‘fairness’. The implication is that decision-making is neither on pros and cons of various renewable energy technologies as such, nor on what citizens are obliged to accept, but on a fair distribution of costs and benefits. Such discussions on fairness cannot be short cut by referring to legal rules, scientific evidence, or to standard financial compensations. History plays a role as old feelings of being disadvantaged, both at individual and at group level, might re-emerge in such debates. The paper will provide an overview of various local controversies on renewable energy initiatives in the Netherlands. It will argue that an open citizen participation process can be organized to work towards fair decisions, and that citizens should not be addressed as greedy subjects, trying to optimise their own private interests, but as responsible persons.
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Het zwaartepunt van de ingenieursopleiding is aan het verschuiven. De Utrechtse ingenieur zal zijn werk en toegevoegde waarde steeds meer vinden op het terrein van ontwerpen. Aan het ontwerpproces zelf worden steeds zwaardere eisen gesteld. Constructie en productie vinden in toenemende mate elders in de wereld plaats. Gelet op deze outsourcing zal de ontwerper ook in staat moeten zijn het maakproces op afstand te besturen, zowel wat betreft kwaliteit en geld als qua tijd. Ontwerpen kan vanuit verschillende perspectieven beschouwd worden: vanuit de conceptuele fase, de realisatiefase (verdere aanpassingen) of de gebruiksfase (upgrading, bediening et cetera). Bij onderzoeksinstellingen als TNO, maar ook bij vooraanstaande bedrijven als OCE, Philips en ASML zien we dat steeds meer sprake is van een integrale ontwerpaanpak. Het tijdperk van massaproductie evolueert naar een tijdperk van maatwerk, waarin de behoeften van de gebruiker centraal staan. De interactie tussen de technologie en de gebruiker zal een steeds belangrijker plaats in gaan nemen, en juist op dit vlak zal de Utrechtse ingenieur zich onderscheiden.
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Cities worldwide are growing at unprecedented rates, compromising their surrounding landscapes, and consuming many scarce resources. As a consequence, this will increase the compactness of cities and will also decrease the availability of urban green space. In recent years, many Dutch municipalities have cut back on municipal green space and itsmaintenance. To offer a liveable environment in 30 to 50 years, cities must face challenges head-on and strive to create green urban areas that build on liveable and coherent sustainable circular subsystems.
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The ‘Grand Challenges’ of our times, like climate change, resource depletion, global inequity, and the destruction of wildlife and biodiversity can only be addressed by innovating cities. Despite the options of tele-working, tele-trading and tele-amusing, that allow people to participate in ever more activities, wherever they are, people are resettling in cities at an unprecedented speed. The forecasted ‘rurification’ of society did not occur. Technological development has drained rural society from its main source of income, agriculture, as only a marginal fraction of the labour force is employed in agriculture in the rich parts of the world. Moreover, technological innovation created new jobs in the IT and service sectors in cities. Cities are potentially far more resource efficient than rural areas. In a city transport distances are shorter, infrastructures can be applied to provide for essential services in a more efficient way and symbiosis might be developed between various infrastructures. However, in practice, urban infrastructures are not more efficient than rural infrastructures. This paper explores the reasons why. It digs into the reasons why the symbiotic options that are available in cities are not (sufficiently) utilised. The main reason for this is not of an economic nature: Infrastructure organisations are run by experts who are part of a strong paradigmatic community. Dependence on other organisations is regarded as limiting the infrastructure organisation’s freedom of action to achieve its own goals. Expert cultures are transferred in education, professional associations, and institutional arrangements. By 3 concrete examples of urban systems, the paper will analyse how various paradigms of experts co-evolved with evolving systems. The paper reflects on recent studies that identified professional education as the initiation into such expert paradigms. It will thereby relate lack of urban innovation to the monodisciplinary education of experts and the strong institutionalised character of expertise. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63007-6_43 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/karelmulder/
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Biomimicry wordt vooral verbonden aan technologische ontwikkelingen. Er zijn veel voorbeelden van producten en innovaties op basis van de biologie. Ingenieurs, architecten, ontwerpers maken gebruik van nieuwe kennis die we hebben opgedaan en opdoen door met moderne middelen de natuur te bestuderen. Mauro Gallo geeft hiervan voorbeelden en gaat daar verder onderzoek naar doen. Van de natuur in haar geheel is meer te leren. In de praktijk van onderwijs, training,advies, consultancy en organisatieontwikkeling, wordt ‘de natuur’ vaak gebruikt als metafoor, als inspiratiebron of als voorbeeld voor allerlei processen zoals leiderschap, samenwerkingen, relaties, en de ontwikkeling van organisaties en de samenleving. Het gaat daarbij veelal over ecologische en veel minder vaak over biologische processen. Langzaam heeft zich de vraag opgedrongen of we in de sociale omgeving meer kunnen leren uit de natuur dan wat we oppervlakkig ‘zien’ en vaak in metaforen vertaald wordt. Meer holistisch bezien gaat het hier over de systemische kant, de complexiteit, de context en de samenhang. Kunnen we bijvoorbeeld aantonen dat fundamentele ecologische principes zoals kringlopen (lerend, zelf organiserend, zelfregulerend en zelfvoorzienend vermogen), successie, diversiteit en veerkracht, sociaal en samenwerkend gedrag, interconnectedness en interdependency toepassen in organisaties leiden tot duurzaam organiseren? In zijn lectoraat doet Mauro Gallo onderzoek naar de betekenis van technische innovaties in en voor de agro- en food sector, en naar de vraag of biomimicry onderbouwd kan worden zodat het bij kan dragen aan het sociaal wetenschappelijk domein. Tegelijkertijd is er een gerichte onderwijsvraag: is het logisch om vanuit ons groene DNA biomimicry-denken mee te nemen in ons onderwijs? Kun je biomimicry leren toepassen en kun je biomimicry toepassen in leren? (Hoe) kunnen we biomimicry toepassen in vmbo en mbo groen, in de lerarenopleiding meegeven aan toekomstige leraren, en opnemen in de professionalisering voor zittende docenten. Is het denkbaar dat het integraal onderdeel van de curricula in het (groene) hbo wordt gericht op het zoeken naar duurzame oplossingen voor vraagstukken in de beroepspraktijk? Zoals hierboven geschetst: genoeg praktijkvragen voor een lectoraat. Daarbij richt het zich echter niet alleen op het toepassen, maar nadrukkelijk op het wetenschappelijk onderbouwen van bio-inspired oplossingen en op het onderwijs.
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Biomimicry wordt vooral verbonden aan technologische ontwikkelingen. Er zijn veel voorbeelden van producten en innovaties op basis van de biologie. Ingenieurs, architecten, ontwerpers maken gebruik van nieuwe kennis die we hebben opgedaan en opdoen door met moderne middelen de natuur te bestuderen. Mauro Gallo geeft hiervan voorbeelden en gaat daar verder onderzoek naar doen. Van de natuur in haar geheel is meer te leren. In de praktijk van onderwijs, training,advies, consultancy en organisatieontwikkeling, wordt ‘de natuur’ vaak gebruikt als metafoor, als inspiratiebron of als voorbeeld voor allerlei processen zoals leiderschap, samenwerkingen, relaties, en de ontwikkeling van organisaties en de samenleving. Het gaat daarbij veelal over ecologische en veel minder vaak over biologische processen. Langzaam heeft zich de vraag opgedrongen of we in de sociale omgeving meer kunnen leren uit de natuur dan wat we oppervlakkig ‘zien’ en vaak in metaforen vertaald wordt. Meer holistisch bezien gaat het hier over de systemische kant, de complexiteit, de context en de samenhang. Kunnen we bijvoorbeeld aantonen dat fundamentele ecologische principes zoals kringlopen (lerend, zelf organiserend, zelfregulerend en zelfvoorzienend vermogen), successie, diversiteit en veerkracht, sociaal en samenwerkend gedrag, interconnectedness en interdependency toepassen in organisaties leiden tot duurzaam organiseren? In zijn lectoraat doet Mauro Gallo onderzoek naar de betekenis van technische innovaties in en voor de agro- en food sector, en naar de vraag of biomimicry onderbouwd kan worden zodat het bij kan dragen aan het sociaal wetenschappelijk domein. Tegelijkertijd is er een gerichte onderwijsvraag: is het logisch om vanuit ons groene DNA biomimicry-denken mee te nemen in ons onderwijs? Kun je biomimicry leren toepassen en kun je biomimicry toepassen in leren? (Hoe) kunnen we biomimicry toepassen in vmbo en mbo groen, in de lerarenopleiding meegeven aan toekomstige leraren, en opnemen in de professionalisering voor zittende docenten. Is het denkbaar dat het integraal onderdeel van de curricula in het (groene) hbo wordt gericht op het zoeken naar duurzame oplossingen voor vraagstukken in de beroepspraktijk? Zoals hierboven geschetst: genoeg praktijkvragen voor een lectoraat. Daarbij richt het zich echter niet alleen op het toepassen, maar nadrukkelijk op het wetenschappelijk onderbouwen van bio-inspired oplossingen en op het onderwijs.
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There is more to be learned from nature as a whole. In practice ‘nature’ is often used in teaching, training, consultancy and organisational development as a metaphor, as a source of inspiration or as an example for all kinds of processes, including leadership, cooperation, relationships and the development of organisations and society. Mainly ecological, and much less frequently biological, processes are generally involved here. The question has gradually arisen whether we can learn more from nature in the social environment than what we ‘see’ on the surface - which is often translated in metaphors. Seen more holistically, this is about the systemic side, the complexity, the context and the coherence. For example, can we demonstrate that applying fundamental ecological principles, such as cycles (learning, self-organising, selfregulating and self-sufficient capacity), succession, diversity and resilience, social and cooperative behaviour, interconnectedness and interdependency within an organisation leads to a sustainable organisation? Mauro Gallo is conducting research into the significance of technical innovation in and for the agricultural and food sector, and into the question whether biomimicry can in fact be backed up in such a way that it contributes to the social sciences domain. At the same time there is a clear teaching issue: Is it logical from the perspective of our green DNA to include biomimicry thinking in our teaching? Is it possible to learn to apply biomimicry, and can biomimicry be applied in teaching/learning? (How) can we apply biomimicry in green VMBO and MBO, pass it on to the teachers of the future in teacher training courses and include it in making current lecturers more professional? Is it conceivable that it could become an integral component of the curricula in green HBO?
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There is more to be learned from nature as a whole. In practice ‘nature’ is often used in teaching, training, consultancy and organisational development as a metaphor, as a source of inspiration or as an example for all kinds of processes, including leadership, cooperation, relationships and the development of organisations and society. Mainly ecological, and much less frequently biological, processes are generally involved here. The question has gradually arisen whether we can learn more from nature in the social environment than what we ‘see’ on the surface - which is often translated in metaphors. Seen more holistically, this is about the systemic side, the complexity, the context and the coherence. For example, can we demonstrate that applying fundamental ecological principles, such as cycles (learning, self-organising, selfregulating and self-sufficient capacity), succession, diversity and resilience, social and cooperative behaviour, interconnectedness and interdependency within an organisation leads to a sustainable organisation? Mauro Gallo is conducting research into the significance of technical innovation in and for the agricultural and food sector, and into the question whether biomimicry can in fact be backed up in such a way that it contributes to the social sciences domain. At the same time there is a clear teaching issue: Is it logical from the perspective of our green DNA to include biomimicry thinking in our teaching? Is it possible to learn to apply biomimicry, and can biomimicry be applied in teaching/learning? (How) can we apply biomimicry in green VMBO and MBO, pass it on to the teachers of the future in teacher training courses and include it in making current lecturers more professional? Is it conceivable that it could become an integral component of the curricula in green HBO?
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The increase in renewable energy sources will require an increase in the operational flexibility of the grid, due to the intermittent nature of these sources. This can be achieved for the gas and the electricity grid, which are integrated by means of power-to-gas and vice versa, by applying gas and other energy storages. Because renewables are applied on a decentralized scale level and syngas and biogas are produced at relatively low pressures, we study the application of a decentralized (bio)gas storage system combined withMicro Turbine Technology (MTT), Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) and Thermal Energy Storage (TES) units, which are designed to optimize energy efficiency.In this study we answer the following research questions:a. What is the techno-economical feasibilty of applying a decentralized (bio)gas storage with a MTT/CAES/TES system to balance the integrated renewable energy network?b. How should the decentralized (bio)gas storage with MTT/CAES/TES system be designed, so that the energy efficient application in such networks is optimized?Note that:c. We verify the calculations for the small scale MTT unit with measurements on our proof-of-principle set-up of part of the system that includes two MTTs in parallel.Based on wind speed, irradiance patterns and electricity and heat demand patterns for a case of 100 households, we found the optimum dimensions for the decentralized (bio)gas storage based on guaranteed supply. We concluded that a decentralized (bio)gas storage of 85 000 Nm3 was needed to provide the heat demand. LNG was the most energy efficient storage technology for such dimensions.The use of (bio)gas directly in a CHP (P/Q ratio = 2/3) that was mainly heat driven, resulted in a continuous overproduction of electricity due to the dominant heat demand of the 100 households in the Netherlands.This does not leave any room for the increase in the application of PV and wind generators, nor is there a purpose for electricity storage.For that reason we will further investigate the application of a decentralized (bio)gas storage with MTT/CAES/TES as a solution to balance a renewable integrated network. Using an MTT in the system offers a more useful P/Q ratio for households of 1/5.
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Twirre is a new architecture for mini-UAV platforms designed for autonomous flight in both GPS-enabled and GPS-deprived applications. The architecture consists of low-cost hardware and software components. High-level control software enables autonomous operation. Exchanging or upgrading hardware components is straightforward and the architecture is an excellent starting point for building low-cost autonomous mini-UAVs for a variety of applications. Experiments with an implementation of the architecture are in development, and preliminary results demonstrate accurate indoor navigation
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