The digital era has brought about profound changes in how music is created, distributed, and consumed, posing a need for modernizing the Dutch collective management system of music copyright to match the rapidly changing digital music industry. This study aims to identify the key stakeholders and their perceptions of the Dutch system of collective management of music copyright. Utilizing qualitative document analysis, the study examines a range of public and non-public documents, including income statements, annual reports from Collective Management Organizations (CMOs), and contracts between publishers and creators. The research is further enriched by twenty-four semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders such as composers, lyricists, music publishers, copyright lawyers, and CMO executives. The findings of the study highlight several issues like the outdated IT systems and the lack of data standardization within the system. The research also notes a contrast in organizational effectiveness: major publishers are well-organized and unified in their negotiations with Digital Service Providers (DSPs) and CMOs, effectively advocating for their rights. However, music copyright holders, despite their legal homogeneity, are either unorganized or ineffectively aligned, displaying diverse interests and varying levels of access to information, as well as differences in norms and values prioritization. The study is grounded in the economics of collective management (ECM) and makes a significant academic contribution to this field by introducing new empirical findings to ECMs core constructs and integrating theoretical perspectives. The research offers valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers, aiming to foster a more equitable music copyright management system in the digital context.
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Background: Nurses play an important role in interprofessional pharmaceutical care. Curricula related to pharmaceutical care, however, vary a lot. Mapping the presence of pharmaceutical care related domains and competences in nurse educational programs can lead to a better understanding of the extent to which curricula fit expectations of the labour market. The aim of this study was to describe 1) the presence of pharmaceutical care oriented content in nursing curricula at different educational levels and 2) nursing students' perceived readiness to provide nurse pharmaceutical care in practice. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used. Nursing schools in 14 European countries offering educational programs for levels 4-7 students were approached between January and April 2021. Through an online survey final year students had to indicate to what extent pharmaceutical care topics were present in their curriculum. Results: A total of 1807 students participated, of whom 8% had level 4-5, 80% level 6, 12% level 7. Up to 84% of the students indicated that pharmaceutical care content was insufficiently addressed in their curriculum. On average 14% [range 0-30] felt sufficiently prepared to achieve the required pharmaceutical care competences in practice. In level 5 curricula more pharmaceutical care domains were absent compared with other levels. Conclusions: Although several pharmaceutical care related courses are present in current curricula of level 4-7 nurses, its embedding should be extended. Too many students perceive an insufficient preparation to achieve pharmaceutical care competences required in practice. Existing gaps in pharmaceutical care should be addressed to offer more thoroughly prepared nurses to the labour market.
The COMPASS system (IBADosimetry) is a quality assurance (QA) tool whichreconstructs 3D doses inside a phantom or a patient CT. The dose is predictedaccording to the RT plan with a correction derived from 2D measurementsof a matrix detector. This correction method is necessary since a directreconstruction of the fluence with a high resolution is not possible becauseof the limited resolution of the matrix used, but it comes with a blurring of thedosewhich creates inaccuracies in the dose reconstruction. This paper describesthe method and verifies its capability to detect errors in the positioning of aMLC with 10 mm leaf width in a phantom geometry. Dose reconstruction wasperformed forMLC position errors of various sizes at various locations for bothrectangular and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) fields and comparedto a reference dose. It was found that the accuracy with which an error inMLCposition is detected depends on the location of the error relative to the detectorsin the matrix. The reconstructed dose in an individual rectangular field for leafpositioning errors up to 5 mm was correct within 5% in 50% of the locations.At the remaining locations, the reconstruction of leaf position errors larger than3 mm can show inaccuracies, even though these errors were detectable in thedose reconstruction. Errors larger than 9 mm created inaccuracies up to 17% ina small area close to the penumbra. The QA capability of the system was testedthrough gamma evaluation. Our results indicate that themean gamma providedby the system is slightly increased and that the number of points above gamma 1ensures error detection for QA purposes. Overall, the correction kernel methodused by the COMPASS system is adequate to perform QA of IMRT treatmentplans with a regular MLC, despite local inaccuracies in the dose reconstruction.
