Een grootschalig opgezet onderzoek, waaraan Nederland deelneemt, laat zien dat de ecosystemen onder drijvende objecten nauwelijks worden benadeeld door bijvoorbeeld de beperkte lichttoetreding. Vervolgonderzoek richt zich op het leggen van verbanden tussen de ecoscans en waterkwaliteitmetingen en de dimensies en bouwmaterialen van de constructies
Harvard Business Review auteurs Bazerman, Loewenstein en Moore stellen in hun artikel “Why good accountants do bad audits” (2002) dat het werkelijke probleem bij accountantscontroles niet zit in bewuste fraude door accountants maar schuilt in onbewuste beoordelingsfouten. Zij beroepen zich enerzijds op literatuur die constateert dat professionals onbewuste beoordelingsfouten begaan en anderzijds beschrijven zij omgevingsfactoren in de accountancypraktijk die onbewuste beoordelingsfouten door accountants zeer waarschijnlijk maken. In beperkte mate constateren zij door middel van experimenten dat accountants onbewuste beoordelingsfouten begaan. Onze studie beoogt op dit pad verder te gaan. Een groep studenten wordt aan een experiment in een accountancy-achtige omgeving onderworpen. Zij krijgen een waarderingsprobleem voorgelegd. De studenten blijken gevoelig voor suggesties in de hoogte van de waardering van het te waarderen object. Ook zijn ze gevoelig voor de presentatie van het object in de vorm van een bezitting of een schuld. De eerste onbewuste beoordelingsfout staat bekend als het anchoring effect; de tweede als het framing effect. We concluderen dat beide onbewuste beoordelingsfouten het onafhankelijke en objectieve oordeel van de accountant kunnen bedreigen.
This thesis provides an examination of judgement autonomy of Dutch commercial real estate valuers in relation to client orientation. The valuation of commercial real estate such as offices or retail properties requires in-depth analysis due to its uniqueness by location, building type and usage details. Essentially, a register-valuer is qualified and instructed to assess a property value to one’s best cognitive effort and inform others of this outcome by means of a valuation report. In the Netherlands, concerns over independence risks and client-related judgement risks of valuers have been raised by regulative authorities as the Dutch Central Bank (DNB) and the Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM). A significant part of these concerns followed the 2008 financial crisis, which appeared to be at least partially driven by unreliable and incomparable valuations of Dutch commercial real estate (AFM, 2014; DNB, 2012; 2015). Among other things, these concerns led to the instigation of the Nederlands Register Vastgoed Taxateurs (NRVT) in 2015. NRVT is a new Dutch central register of valuation practitioners set up in order to improve self-regulation, quality control and compliance of valuation practitioners. Currently, the chamber for commercial real estate valuation holds about 2,000 commercial valuation registrations (NRVT, 2020). The introduction of NRVT, and other measures taken, reflect an instrumental view towards enhancing professionalism of Dutch valuers. This view is based on a systematic orientation to professional conduct in which good practice is primarily objectively determined (Van Ewijk, 2019). However, Wassink and Bakker (2016) point out that individuals make personal choices in order to deal with work complexity. Insight into and reflection on individual choices is part of what is referred to as normative aspects of professionalisation: what norms prevail in individual judgement and decision-making and why (Van Ewijk, 2019). In this regard, insight into judgement reasoning of valuation practitioners may contribute to normative levels of professional development of valuers. The need for such is expressed through community concerns over how individual judgement autonomy may become subdued due to instrumental-driven developments taking place in the sector. The combination of authoritative concerns over professional quality in the Netherlands and lack of (scientific) insight on how client influence affects judgement in valuation practice poses a problem: How may practitioners address client-related judgement bias risks and improve valuation accuracy from this viewpoint, if little is known on how such risks may occur in daily practice? The seemingly scarce scientific insights available in this regard in the Netherlands may also prevent educational programs to adequately address valuer independence and objectivity risks in relevant training programs. In order to address this knowledge gap, the present PhD research examines the following research problem: 169 Summary “How does client orientation affect professional judgement autonomy of commercial real estate valuers in the Netherlands?” The term ‘client orientation’ should be broadly interpreted and may refer to valuers’ perception, understanding and meaning given to alleged, actual or anticipated client-related aspects. Information on such client aspects is not required for the performance of valuation instructions. It should also be noted that this research examines the context of how client orientation may affect valuer judgement reasoning patterns during work practice, yet not its effect in terms of decision on final value opinion.
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