Summary: Xpaths is a collection of algorithms that allow for the prediction of compound-induced molecular mechanisms of action by integrating phenotypic endpoints of different species; and proposes follow-up tests for model organisms to validate these pathway predictions. The Xpaths algorithms are applied to predict developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) and implemented into an in silico platform, called DARTpaths.
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From the article: "To enable selection of novel chemicals for new processes, there is a recognized need for alternative toxicity screening assays to assess potential risks to man and the environment. For human health hazard assessment these screening assays need to be translational to humans, have high throughput capability, and from an animal welfare perspective be harmonized with the principles of the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement). In the area of toxicology a number of cell culture systems are available but while these have some predictive value, they are not ideally suited for the prediction of developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART). This is because they often lack biotransformation capacity, multicellular or multi- organ complexity, for example, the hypothalamus pituitary gonad (HPG) axis and the complete life cycle of whole organisms. To try to overcome some of these limitations in this study, we have used Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) and Danio rerio embryos (zebrafish) as alternative assays for DART hazard assessment of some candidate chemicals being considered for a new commercial application. Nematodes exposed to Piperazine and one of the analogs tested showed a slight delay in development compared to untreated animals but only at high concentrations and with Piperazine as the most sensitive compound. Total brood size of the nematodes was also reduced primarily by Piperazine and one of the analogs. In zebrafish Piperazine and analogs showed developmental delays. Malformations and mortality in individual fish were also scored. Significant malformations were most sensitively identified with Piperazine, significant mortality was only observed in Piperazine and only at the higest dose. Thus, Piperazine seemed the most toxic compound for both nematodes and zebrafish. The results of the nematode and zebrafish studies were in alignment with data obtained from conventional mammalian toxicity studies indicating that these have potential as developmental toxicity screening systems. The results of these studies also provided reassurance that none of the Piperazines tested are likely to have any significant developmental and/or reproductive toxicity issues to humans when used in their commercial applications."
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Eggshell particles as bio-ceramic in sustainable bioplastic engineering – ESP-BIOPACK Plastics make our lives easier in many ways. However, if they are not properly disposed of, they end up in the environment. Recently, biodegradable biopolymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHAs), have moved towards alternatives for applications such as sustainable packaging. The major limitations of these biopolymers are the high cost, which is due to the high cost of the starting materials and the small volumes, and the poor thermal and mechanical properties such as limited processability and low impact resistance. Attempts to modify PHAs have been researched in many ways, such as blending various biodegradable polymers or mixing inorganic mineral fillers. Eggshell (10 million tons per year by 2030) is a natural bio-ceramic mineral with a unique chemical composition of calcium carbonate (>95% calcite). So far it has been regarded as a zero-value waste product, but it could be a great opportunity as raw material to reduce the cost of biopolymers and to improve properties, including the decomposition process at the end-of-life. In this project, we aim to develop eggshell particles that serve as bio-fillers in biopolymers to lower the cost of the product, to improve mechanical properties and to facilitate the validation of end-of-life routes, therefore, economically enhance the wide applications of such. The developed bioplastic packaging materials will be applied in SME partner EGGXPERT’s cosmetics line but also in other packaging applications, such as e.g. biodegradable coffee capsules. To be able to realize the proposed idea, the partnership between Chemelot Innovation and Learning Labs (CHILL), EGGXPERT B.V. and the Research Centre Material Sciences of Zuyd University of Applied Sciences is needed to research the physical, mechanical and end-of-life influences of eggshell particles (ESP) in biopolymers such as PLA and PHA and optimize their performance.
Vier jaar geleden is er een succesvolle biologische coating op de markt gebracht dat hout beschermt tegen aantastingen met behulp van de levende oppervlakteschimmel Aureobasidium pullulans. Deze coating kan o.a. hout voor buitentoepassingen tegen klimatologische- en omgevingsinvloeden beschermen. De industriële gereedheid van deze coating kan worden verbeterd door de schimmel Aureobasidium pullulans te stimuleren bepaalde stoffen te produceren die bijdragen aan de hechting van de coating op het hout. De hechtingstijd van de coating aan het hout duurt nu 6-8 weken. Bij een verkorte hechtingstijd ontstaat er een sneller productieproces wat het product concurrerender zou maken in de markt van bouwmaterialen. De mogelijkheid om op een natuurlijke manier een stabiel systeem van levende micro-organismen te creëren die polymeren, pigmenten en andere substanties vormen is met gebruik van geschikte voedingsbronnen en milieu invloeden aangetoond. Het is bekend dat A. pullulans een groot aantal stoffen als potentiële voedingsbron kan gebruiken waaronder Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). A. pullulans transformeert op een uiterst energiezuinige manier schadelijke stoffen in milieuvriendelijke polymeren welke kunnen bijdragen aan de hechting van de schimmel. VOCs waaronder terpenen en carbonyl-VOCs behoren tot de houtcomponenten en verdampen bij hogere temperaturen. Het doel van dit project is om de hechting van de schimmel op hout te verbeteren en hierdoor het droogproces van de coating te versnellen. In het productie proces wordt hout aan hogere temperaturen blootgesteld om VOCs uit te scheiden. Op laboratoriumschaal zal worden getoetst of A. pullulans als reactie op het voorkomen van VOC`s zodoende zijn hechting kan stimuleren. Na expositie in een gedefinieerde VOC bevattende omgeving zullen de effecten van deze stoffen op de schimmel worden onderzocht.
