The last decades have seen an increase in the use of illicit recreational drugs. In this article we take a detailed look at the current state of normalisation of the three most popular illicit recreational drugs among Dutch university students in the Netherlands (MDMA/Ecstasy, cocaine and amphetamine) by zooming in on five established aspects of normalisation and expanding on one of those aspects: social accomodation, by adding a behavioural subcomponent (setting of use). For this purpose, we used quantitative data, obtained from four studies (2016, 2017, 2019 and 2020) among Dutch university students in a prototypical university city in the Netherlands (Groningen). Results show that three aspects of normalisation are clearly observable. The drugs are perceived as highly accessible, the last year prevalence of use is high, and experimenting, especially with MDMA/Ecstasy, is common. Accurate knowledge of the drugs and acceptance of occasional use, account in some measure for social accommodation. However, as students do not talk openly about their drug use with everyone in their environment, one cannot speak of cultural accommodation. Thus, although clear signs of normalisation of illicit recreational drugs, especially MDMA/Ecstasy, are observable among Dutch university students, there is no full-scale normalisation of these drugs.
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In the 1990s, the popularisation of house music and ecstasy led to a shift in the focus of research into club cultures. Characteristic of club culture is the willingness to share on the social (network), cultural (taste and knowledge), and physical (location) levels. Drug researchers ascertain that, since the 1990s, there has been a normalisation of drug use in the entertainment areas of youth and young adults. In an ongoing panel study among Amsterdam’s trendsetters, club cultures prove eminently receptive to new trends in nightlife. This chapter focuses on the transformation of club cultures into screen cultures within the electronic dance music (EDM) domain and the influence of vernacular media. This development runs parallel to the flight from overregulated entertainment venues. A second development is that the growing influence of the vernacular media has stimulated and also democratised knowledge, opinions and discussions about drugs, and the role in the prevention and risk discourse has changed from of a top-down to a linear model. In the vernacular discourse, the dominating view is that it is normal to experiment with drugs as long as it is done responsibly.
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In the autumn of 2009, a group of exchange students in the University of Applied Sciences of Utrecht got a task to make a research project on the current situation of Social Media. The group consisted of 5 people with really different backgrounds and opinions. Two Finnish, one Austrian, one Belgian and one Taiwanese put their heads together to explore the enormous world of Social Media. In this paper, Social Media stands for Online Social Media in other words: websites that allow people to communicate with each other, share opinions and ideas, public or semi-public profiles for the users and possibility to view those profiles. Most known examples of Social Media at this moment (2010) would be Facebook, MySpace, YouTube, Flickr, flixter, LinkedIN, Tagged, Twitter and Plurk. There are hundreds and hundreds more of Social Media websites and each of them has its own purpose and idea. Some of them concentrate on one topic or subject and some websites are more expanded. Most of the Social Media websites give the opportunity to their users to upload pictures, videos and other data but the most important thing is that social media allow people to communicate ‘one-to-many and many-to-one’ and not as the old fashion media ‘one-way communication’ only.
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