A low-cost sensornode is introduced to monitor the 5G EMF exposure in the Netherlands for the four FR1 frequency bands. The sensornode is validated with in-lab measurements both with CW signals as for QAM signals and perform for both cases and for all frequency bands an error less than 1 dB for a dynamic range of 40 dB. This sensor is a follow up of the earlier version of our previously developed sensor and have substantial improvements in terms of linearity, error, and stability.
We aim to set up a continuous low cost monitoring system for electromagnetic fields in the Netherlands, so that a trend in exposure to 5G signals can be observed. A number of options will be explored for this, such as software-defined radio and measurement nodes for specific 5G frequencies. We developed and tested low cost dedicated measurement nodes for four 5G bands: the 800, 1400, 2100 and 3500 MHz bands. Generally, the error is less than 1 dB and close to dynamic range limits (-65 to 5 dBm) the error increases to 3 dB.
In this work, in situ measurements of the radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure have been conducted for an indoor massive MIMO 5G base station operating at 26–28 GHz. Measurements were performed at six different positions (at distances between 9.94 and 14.32 m from the base station), of which four were in line-of-sight and two were in non-line-of-sight. A comparison was performed between the measurements conducted with an omnidirectional probe and with a horn antenna, for scenarios with and without a user equipment used to actively create an antenna traffic beam from the base station towards the measurement location. A maximum exposure of 171.9 mW/m2 was measured at a distance of 9.94 m from the base station. This is below 2% of the ICNIRP reference level. Moreover, the feasibility to measure the power per resource element of the Synchronization Signal Block - which can be used to extrapolate the maximum exposure level - with a conventional spectrum analyzer was shown by comparison with a network decoder.
MULTIFILE
Internet of Things (IoT) is tagging low power devices, miniaturized, with machine-readable identification tags, which are integrated with sensors to collect information and wireless technology to connect them with the Internet. These devices have a very low energy usage. Powering these devices with battery is very labor intensive, costly and tedious especially as number of nodes increases, which is in many applications, is the case. Hence the main objective of this proposal is to introduce new product called RF Colletor, in the market such that IoT devices function independent of battery. Using the suggested approach the wille be energized using Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting. RF Collector wirelessly capture the RF energy that is wasted in space, and re-use it again as the power source for IoT devices and hence making them autonomous of battery. The ability to harvest RF energy enables wireless charging of low-power devices in real time. This has resulting benefits to sustainability, cost reduction, product design, usability, and reliability.
