We study optimal incentive contracts for workers who are reciprocal to management attention. When neither worker’s effort nor manager’s attention can be contracted, a double moral-hazard problem arises, implying that reciprocal workers should be given weak financial incentives. In a multiple-agent setting, this problem can be resolved using promotion incentives. We empirically examine these predictions using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. We find that workers who are more reciprocal are significantly more likely to receive promotion incentives, while there is no such relation for individual bonus pay.
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Background: Inequities in health have garnered international attention and are now addressed in Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3), which seeks to ‘promote well-being for all’. To attain this goal globally requires innovative approaches, one of which is twinning. According to the International Confederation of Midwives, twinning focusses on empowering professionals, who can subsequently be change-agents for their communities. However, twinning in healthcare is relatively new and because the definition and understanding of twinning lacks clarity, rigorous monitoring and evaluation are rare. A clear definition of twinning is essential for the development of a scientific base for this promising form of collaboration. Method: We conducted a Concept Analysis (CA) of twinning in healthcare using Morse’s method. A qualitative study of the broad literature was performed, including scientific papers, manuals, project reports, and websites. We identified relevant papers through a systematic search using scientific databases, backtracking of references, and experts in the field. Results: We found nineteen papers on twinning in healthcare. This included twelve peer reviewed research papers, four manuals on twinning, two project reports, and one website. Seven of these papers offered no definition of twinning. In the other twelve papers definitions varied. Our CA of the literature resulted in four main attributes of twinning in healthcare. First, and most frequently mentioned, was reciprocity. The other three attributes were that twinning: 2) entails the building of personal relationships, 3) is dynamic process, 4) is between two named organisations across different cultures. The literature also indicated that these four attributes, and especially reciprocity, can have an empowering effect on healthcare professionals. Conclusions: Based on these four attributes we developed the following operational definition: Twinning is a crosscultural, reciprocal process where two groups of people work together to achieve joint goals. A greater understanding and a mature definition of twinning results in clear expectations for participants and thus more effective twinning. This can be the starting point for new collaborations and for further international studies on the effect of twinning in healthcare.
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AIM: The aim of this study is to measure how collaborative factors are associated with the technology readiness of nursing staff working in residential care and community nursing. The Reciprocity Instrument and Technology Readiness Index 2.0 were applied to measure this association.DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between October 2020 and January 2021.METHODS: The Technology Readiness Index 2.0 was translated into Dutch, administered together with the Reciprocity Instrument and linguistically validated. And 1660 Registered Nurses and Nursing Assistants received an invitation to the online survey. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to analyse the data.RESULTS: A total of 475 nursing staff responded, a response rate of 28.6%. The following factors have a statistically significant association with technology readiness: age, education level, years of working experience, type of organization, reciprocity behaviour and conditions of reciprocity behaviour: digital communication usage to reach one another, multilayeredness and future perspective.CONCLUSION: This study shows that reciprocity behaviour is positively associated with technology readiness. The influencing factor reciprocity remains intact after the correction of the other factors that were measured. This confirms the relevance of collaborative factors that influence the technology adoption process of nursing staff working in residential care and community nursing.IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: This study offers insights into how collaboration based on reciprocity behaviour positively impacts the technology readiness of nursing staff engaged in residential care and community nursing and could be used in the education of nursing staff and healthcare teams.IMPACT: Being aware of the impact that collaborative factors have on the adoption process of ICT among nursing staff could be used to support the desired preparatory activities as part of ICT implementation for healthcare managers, innovators, and nursing work groups charged with implementing technology in the healthcare process.REPORTING METHOD: The study has adhered to STROBE guidelines.PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No Patient or Public Contribution.
De productie van bouwmaterialen veroorzaakt ca. 11% van de wereldwijde CO2 uitstoot. Een groot aandeel hierin heeft beton: De voor verharding benodigde chemische reacties van cement veroorzaken naar schatting 6% van de mondiale uitstoot. Om in 2050 een circulaire economie te helpen bereiken is een belangrijke strategie om middels nieuwe recepturen beton te gebruiken met lagere CO2-emissie gecombineerd met 3D-printen. Voordeel van 3D-printen is dat materiaal aangebracht wordt daar waar nodig. Dat is efficiënter dan betonstorten in bekistingen. Ecocem heeft in een labomgeving een receptuur ontwikkeld met lagere CO2-emissie dan conventioneel Portlandcement: ‘CO2-arm’ cement. De receptuur is gebaseerd op gebruik van staalslakken. Een nadeel is echter dat staalslakken minder reactief zijn, hetgeen van invloed is op belangrijke eigenschappen bij de verwerking in beton, zoals vloeibaarheid en uitharding. Voor succesvolle toepassing van een ‘CO2-arme’ receptuur is een goede verwerkbaarheid essentieel. Het ontbreekt echter aan ervaring hoe recepturen voor ‘CO2-arm’ beton gecombineerd kunnen worden met 3D-printen voor het verkrijgen van gewenste producteigenschappen. Op basis van reacties van potentiële afnemers geeft betoncentrale Rouwmaat aan dat deze tekortkoming mogelijke doorbraak van 3D-betonprinten benadeelt. Saxion lectoraat Industrial Design heeft door experimenten met additive manufacturing van beton veel ervaring in onderzoek naar de wisselwerking tussen materiaalsamenstelling, proceseigenschappen en toepassingsmogelijk¬heden en beschikt over een 3D-betonprintlab. Gebaseerd op een casestudy voor fabricage van buitenornamenten (van Creastone) onderzoekt dit project daarom hoe variaties in receptuur van ‘CO2-arm’ beton gecombineerd met 3D-printen eigenschappen zoals sterkte, draagkracht en dichtheid beïnvloeden. Het beoogde resultaat zijn ‘CO2-arme’ betonrecepturen met bijbehorende procesbeschrijving voor toepassingen met gewenste materiaaleigenschappen. Deze kennis is noodzakelijk om ‘CO2-arm’ beton materiaalefficiënt toe te kunnen passen. Doordat de partners deel uitmaken van de bouwsector Oost-Nederland is de verwachting dat een succesvol project een hefboomeffect heeft voor adoptie van ‘CO2-arm’ beton in de praktijk.
