Reductions in eating rate have been recommended as potential behavioral strategies to prevent and treat overweight. Unfortunately, eating rate is difficult to modify, due to its highly automatic nature. Training people to eat more slowly in everyday eating contexts, therefore, requires creative and engaging solutions. The present study examines the efficacy of a smart fork that helps people to eat more slowly. This adapted fork records eating speed and delivers vibrotactile feedback if users eat too quickly. In two studies, we tested the acceptability and user experience of the fork (Study 1), and its effect on eating rate and satiety levels in a controlled lab-setting (Study 2).
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Eating rate is a basic determinant of appetite regulation, as people who eat more slowly feel sated earlier and eat less. Without assistance, eating rate is difficult to modify due to its automatic nature. In the current study, participants used an augmented fork that aimed to decelerate their rate of eating. A total of 114 participants were randomly assigned to the Feedback Condition (FC), in which they received vibrotactile feedback from their fork when eating too fast (i.e., taking more than one bite per 10 s), or a Non-Feedback Condition (NFC). Participants in the FC took fewer bites per minute than did those in the NFC. Participants in the FC also had a higher success ratio, indicating that they had significantly more bites outside the designated time interval of 10 s than did participants in the NFC. A slower eating rate, however, did not lead to a significant reduction in the amount of food consumed or level of satiation.These findings indicate that real-time vibrotactile feedback delivered through an augmented fork is capable of reducing eating rate, but there is no evidence from this study that this reduction in eating rate is translated into an increase in satiation or reduction in food consumption. Overall, this study shows that real-time vibrotactile feedback may be a viable tool in interventions that aim to reduce eating rate. The long-term effectiveness of this form of feedback on satiation and food consumption, however, awaits further investigation.
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Background: A protein intake of 30‐40 g per meal is suggested to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older adults and could therefore contribute to the prevention of sarcopenia. Protein intake at breakfast and lunch is often low and offers a great opportunity to improve daily protein intake. Protein, however, is known for its satiating effects. Therefore, we explored the association between the amount of protein intake at breakfast and lunch and total daily protein intake in older adults.Methods: Protein intake was assessed by a 3‐day food record in 498 community dwelling older adults (≥55 years) participating different lifestyle interventions. Linear mixed model analysis was used to examine the association between protein intake at breakfast or lunch and total daily protein intake, adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, smoking status, study and total energy intake.Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, a 10 g higher protein intake at breakfast was associated with a 3.2 g higher total daily protein intake (P = 0.008) for males and a 4.9 g (P < 0.001) higher total daily protein intake for females. A 10 g higher protein intake at lunch was associated with a 3.7 g higher total daily protein intake (P < 0.001) for males, and a 5.8 g higher total daily protein intake (P < 0.001) for females.Conclusions: A higher protein intake at breakfast and lunch is associated with a higher total daily protein intake in community dwelling older adults. Stimulating a higher protein intake at breakfast and lunch might represent a promising nutritional strategy to optimise the amount of protein per meal without compromising total daily protein intake.
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Understanding taste is key for optimizing the palatability of seaweeds and other non-animal-based foods rich in protein. The lingual papillae in the mouth hold taste buds with taste receptors for the five gustatory taste qualities. Each taste bud contains three distinct cell types, of which Type II cells carry various G protein-coupled receptors that can detect sweet, bitter, or umami tastants, while type III cells detect sour, and likely salty stimuli. Upon ligand binding, receptor-linked intracellular heterotrimeric G proteins initiate a cascade of downstream events which activate the afferent nerve fibers for taste perception in the brain. The taste of amino acids depends on the hydrophobicity, size, charge, isoelectric point, chirality of the alpha carbon, and the functional groups on their side chains. The principal umami ingredient monosodium l-glutamate, broadly known as MSG, loses umami taste upon acetylation, esterification, or methylation, but is able to form flat configurations that bind well to the umami taste receptor. Ribonucleotides such as guanosine monophosphate and inosine monophosphate strongly enhance umami taste when l-glutamate is present. Ribonucleotides bind to the outer section of the venus flytrap domain of the receptor dimer and stabilize the closed conformation. Concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, arginate, and other compounds in food products may enhance saltiness and overall flavor. Umami ingredients may help to reduce the consumption of salts and fats in the general population and increase food consumption in the elderly.
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Introduction: This study evaluates the course of physical fitness and nutritional status during curative therapy for esophageal cancer, after implementation of a prehabilitation program. Additionally, the impact of baseline physical fitness level and severe postoperative complications on the course of individual patients were explored. Materials and methods: This multicenter, observational cohort study included patients with esophageal cancer following curative treatment. Prehabilitation, consisting of supervised exercise training and nutritional counseling was offered as standard care to patients after neoadjuvant therapy, prior to surgery. Primary outcome measures included change of exercise capacity, hand grip strength, self-reported physical functioning, Body Mass Index, and malnutrition risk from diagnosis to 2–6 months postoperatively. Analyses over time were performed using linear mixed models, and linear mixed regression models to investigate the impact of baseline level and severe postoperative complications. Results: Hundred sixty-eight patients were included (mean age 65.9 ± 8.6 years; 78.0 % male). All parameters (except for malnutrition risk) showed a decline during neoadjuvant therapy (p < .05), an improvement during prehabilitation (p < .005) and a decline postoperatively (p < .001), with a high heterogeneity between patients. Change in the outcomes from baseline to postoperatively was not different for patients with or without a severe complication. Better baseline physical fitness and nutritional status were significantly associated with a greater decline postoperatively (p < .001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates a notable decline during neoadjuvant therapy, that fully recovers during prehabilitation, and a subsequent long lasting decline postoperatively. The heterogeneity in the course of physical fitness and nutritional status underlines the importance of individualized monitoring.
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Abstract Background: Antipsychotic-induced Weight Gain (AiWG) is a debilitating and common adverse effect of antipsychotics. AiWG negatively impacts life expectancy, quality of life, treatment adherence, likelihood of developing type-2 diabetes and readmission. Treatment of AiWG is currently challenging, and there is no consensus on the optimal management strategy. In this study, we aim to evaluate the use of metformin for the treatment of AiWG by comparing metformin with placebo in those receiving treatment as usual, which includes a lifestyle intervention. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled, pragmatic trial with a follow-up of 52 weeks, we aim to include 256 overweight participants (Body Mass Index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2) of at least 16years of age. Patients are eligible if they have been diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and if they have been using an antipsychotic for at least three months. Participants will be randomized with a 1:1 allocation to placebo or metformin, and will be treated for a total of 26 weeks. Metformin will be started at 500 mg b.i.d. and escalated to 1000 mg b.i.d. 2 weeks thereafter (up to a maximum of 2000mg daily). In addition, all participants will undergo a lifestyle intervention as part of the usual treatment consisting of a combination of an exercise program and dietary consultations. The primary outcome measure is difference in body weight as a continuous trait between the two arms from treatment inception until 26 weeks of treatment, compared to baseline. Secondary outcome measures include: 1) Any element of metabolic syndrome (MetS); 2) Response, defined as ≥5% body weight loss at 26 weeks relative to treatment inception; 3) Quality of life; 4) General mental and physical health; and 5) Cost-effectiveness. Finally, we aim to assess whether genetic liability to BMI and MetS may help estimate the amount of weight reduction following initiation of metformin treatment. Discussion: The pragmatic design of the current trial allows for a comparison of the efficacy and safety of metformin in combination with a lifestyle intervention in the treatment of AiWG, facilitating the development of guidelines on the interventions for this major health problem.
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Background: Nutritional care for older adults provided by hospital and home care nurses and nursing assistants is suboptimal. This is due to several factors including professionals' lack of knowledge and low prioritisation. Affecting these factors may promote nurses' and nursing assistants' behavioral change and eventually improve nutritional care. To increase the likelihood of successfully targeting these factors, an evidence-based educational intervention is needed. Objectives: To develop an educational intervention for hospital and home care nurses and nursing assistants to promote behaviour change by affecting factors that influence current behaviour in nutritional care for older adults. In this paper, we describe the intervention development process. Design: A multi-methods approach using literature and expert input. Settings: Hospital and home care. Participants: Older adults, nurses, nursing assistants, experts, and other professionals involved in nutritional care. Methods: The educational intervention was based on five principles: 1) interaction between intervention and users, 2) targeting users on both individual and team level, 3) supporting direct and easy transfer to the workplace, and continuous learning, 4) facilitating learning within an appropriate period, and 5) fitting with the context. Consistent with these principles, the research team focussed on developing a microlearning intervention and they established consensus on seven features of the intervention: content, provider, mode of delivery, setting, recipient, intensity, and duration. Results: The intervention consisted of 30 statements about nursing nutritional care for older adults, which nurses and nursing assistants were asked to confirm or reject, followed by corresponding explanations. These can be presented in a snack-sized way, this means one statement per day, five times a week over a period of six weeks through an online platform. Conclusions: Based on a well-founded and comprehensive procedure, the microlearning intervention was developed. This intervention has the potential to contribute to nursing nutritional care for older adults.
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Background: Nutritional care for older adults provided by hospital and home care nurses and nursing assistants is suboptimal. This is due to several factors including professionals' lack of knowledge and low prioritisation. Affecting these factors may promote nurses' and nursing assistants' behavioral change and eventually improve nutritional care. To increase the likelihood of successfully targeting these factors, an evidence-based educational intervention is needed. Results: The intervention consisted of 30 statements about nursing nutritional care for older adults, which nurses and nursing assistants were asked to confirm or reject, followed by corresponding explanations. These can be presented in a snack-sized way, this means one statement per day, five times a week over a period of six weeks through an online platform. Conclusions: Based on a well-founded and comprehensive procedure, the microlearning intervention was developed. This intervention has the potential to contribute to nursing nutritional care for older adults.
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Introductie: De behandeling van Anorexia Nervosa is multidisciplinair. Ondanks de uitvoerige behandeling blijkt dat herstelpercentages laag zijn en terugvalpercentages hoog. Er wordt vaak gezien dat (ex)eetstoornispatiënten een paar jaar na de behandeling nog restrictief eetgedrag vertonen. ‘Intuitief Eten’ is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde methode die kan helpen met het herstellen van de relatie met eten en leren om weer te vertrouwen op het lichaam. Deze studie is opgezet om uit te zoeken hoe Intuïtief Eten het best geïmplementeerd kan worden in de behandeling van Anorexia Nervosa in de diëtistische praktijk. Methode: Om het (eet)gedrag tijdens en na de eetstoornis en de effecten van Intuïtief Eten bij Anorexia Nervosa in kaart te brengen is literatuuronderzoek uitgevoerd. De literatuur is gezocht in de volgende databases: CataloguePlus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect en Pubmed. Vervolgens is kwalitatief onderzoek gedaan bij 17 vrouwen, in de leeftijd van 15-35 jaar die in behandeling waren voor Anorexia Nervosa of deze behandeling korter dan 5 jaar geleden hadden afgerond. Ze zijn naar hun meningen en voorkeuren bij de behandeling van Anorexia Nervosa gevraagd, door middel van semigestructureerde diepte-interviews. Resultaten: Uit de resultaten van het literatuuronderzoek is gebleken, dat Intuïtief Eten wordt geassocieerd met positieve behandeluitkomsten bij het herstel van Anorexia Nervosa, maar dat toepassing pas mogelijk is, nadat er een periode van hervoeden door middel van een gestructureerd eetschema heeft plaatsgevonden. Uit de diepte-interviews kwam naar voren dat de volgorde van de principes van belang lijkt voor een succesvolle toepassing van Intuïtief Eten. Het lijkt erop, dat er aan het begin van de behandeling mogelijk een grotere kans is dat er misbruik gemaakt wordt van bepaalde principes van Intuïtief Eten, doordat sommige principes als excuus gebruikt kunnen worden om minder te eten of extra te sporten en daarmee het eetstoornis gedrag voortzetten. Principes gericht op het herkennen van de eetstoornis, het lichaamsbeeld en omgaan met emoties, kunnen mogelijk al in een eerder stadium van de behandeling worden toegepast. De principes gericht op het luisteren naar honger- en verzadigingssignalen, bewegen en gezonde voeding worden door respondenten gezien als valkuilen en kunnen daardoor wellicht pas later toegepast worden. Conclusie: Om de toepassing van Intuïtief Eten bij Anorexia Nervosa succesvol te laten verlopen lijkt het van belang om rekening te houden met de volgorde waarin de principes worden geïntroduceerd. Rekening houden met de fase waarin bepaalde principes toegepast kunnen worden, kan mogelijk het verschil maken voor een succesvolle behandeling en zou de kans kunnen verkleinen dat de patiënt misbruik maakt van de principes. Het stroomschema: “Implementatie van Intuïtief Eten bij het herstel van Anorexia Nervosa” kan worden ingezet als hulpmiddel bij het toepassen van Intuïtief Eten bij patiënten met Anorexia Nervosa. Introduction: Anorexia Nervosa treatment is multidisciplinary. Despite comprehensive treatment, recovery rates are found to be low and relapse rates high. It is often seen that (former) eating disorder patients still exhibit restrictive eating behaviour a few years after treatment. 'Intuitive Eating' Wetenschap | Origineel artikel26 Voeding & Visie jaargang 36, nummer 1 2023 is a science-based method that can help restore the relationship with food and learn to trust the body again. This study was designed to find out how Intuitive Eating can best be implemented in the treatment of Anorexia Nervosa in dietetic practice. Method: To identify the (eating) behavior during and after the eating disorder and the effects of Intuitive Eating in Anorexia Nervosa, a literature search was conducted. The literature was searched in the following databases: CataloguePlus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Pubmed. Next, qualitative research was conducted among 17 women, aged 15-35 years who were being treated for Anorexia Nervosa or who have completed this treatment less than 5 years ago. They were asked about their opinions and preferences in the treatment of Anorexia Nervosa, through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Results: The results of the literature review revealed that Intuitive Eating is associated with positive treatment outcomes in the recovery from Anorexia Nervosa, but that application is only possible after a period of refeeding through a structured eating schedule has taken place. The in-depth interviews revealed that the order of the principles appears to be important for the successful application of Intuitive Eating. There seems to be a greater chance of misusing certain principles of Intuitive Eating at the beginning of treatment, as some principles might be used as an excuse to eat less or exercise extra, thus continuing the eating disorder behavior. Principles focused on recognizing the eating disorder, body image and dealing with emotions can possibly be applied early in treatment. Principles focused on listening to hunger and satiety signals, exercise and healthy eating are seen as pitfalls and can possibly only be applied later. Conclusion: In order for the application of Intuitive Eating in Anorexia Nervosa to be successful, it seems important to take into account the order in which the principles are introduced. Considering the phase in which certain principles can be applied might make the difference to successful treatment and possibly reduces the likelihood of the patient misusing the principles. The flowchart: "Implementing Intuitive Eating in Recovery from Anorexia Nervosa" can be used as an aid in applying Intuitive Eating to patients with Anorexia Nervosa.
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