Energy planning in the built environment increasingly takes place in local settings. Suitable planning models should therefore be able to capture local dynamics, such as stakeholder behaviour, resource availability and building characteristics. In relation to the key challenges of energy transition in the built environment, building efficiency and renewable heating, little attention has been paid to the model characteristics needed to address these challenges. This paper analyses the characteristics of available models from the scientific community and the professional practice. Secondly, the paper reviews modelling approaches for integrating social factors within techno-economic models, as many local dynamics have a non-technical nature. Based on the gaps identified in the analysis, an analytical framework is proposed for local energy planning models for the built environment. Building characteristics, social context factors, temporal dynamics and spatial characteristics have been identified as key building blocks for a new modelling approach. To be able to deal with the socio-technical context, an integrated, socio-technical approach is suggested. This model collaboration, consisting of model calculations and empirical and participatory methods, will be capable of better supporting decision-making in a local, multistakeholdercontext.
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This overview paper examines three areas crucial to understanding why, despite clear scientific evidence for the growing environmental impacts of tourism transport, there is large-scale inertia in structural transitions and a lack of political will to enact meaningful sustainable mobility policies. These include the importance of addressing socio-technical factors, barriers posed by “technology myths” and the need to overcome “transport taboos” in policy-making. The paper seeks pathways to sustainable mobility by bridging the science–policy gap between academic research and researchers, and policy-makers and practitioners. It introduces key papers presented at the Freiburg 2014 workshop, covering the case for researcher engagement using advocacy and participatory approaches, the role of universities in creating their own social mobility policies, the power of social mechanisms encouraging long-haul travel, issues in consumer responsibility development, industry self-regulation and the operation of realpolitik decision-making and implementation inside formal and informal destination-based mobility partnerships. Overall, the paper argues that governments and the tourism and transport industries must take a more cautious approach to the technological optimism that fosters policy inertia, and that policy-makers must take a more open approach to implementing sustainable transport policies. A research agenda for desirable transport futures is suggested.
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In veel onderzoeken naar en aanpakken in de energietransitie in Nederland, met name die waar bewonersinitiatieven een rol spelen, wordt vertrouwen als een belangrijke factor beschreven. In dit onderzoek wordt onderzocht welke bronnen van vertrouwen een rol spelen bij (de ontwikkeling) van lokale energie-initiatieven en hoe zich dat verhoudt tot de ontwikkeling van de technologie. Drie casussen (Terheijden (Traais Energie Collectief) en Den Haag, Vruchtenbuurt (Cooperatie Duurzame Vruchtenbuurt en Sterk op Stroom) zijn geanalyseerd op basis van de ANT-fasering: problematazation, interessement, enrollment en mobilization. Het is gebleken dat verschillende bronnen van vertrouwen en aspecten van techniek niet afhankelijk zijn van de fase in de netwerkontwikkeling maar als een constante in de drie geanalyseerde initiatieven zichtbaar zijn, het gaat om: • Mensen als bron van vertrouwen (Persoonlijke eigenschappen, Gedrag, Gedeelde normen en waarden/wereldbeeld) • Organisaties als bron van vertrouwen (Regels, Organisatie-Gedrag) • Het technische aspect learning to rethink: o Co-evolution o Discontinuous change o Multi-actor approach o Degree of organization o Long term view Bij de start van alle drie de initiatieven was er sprake van aansluiting zoeken bij bestaand vertrouwen in de lokale situatie. Dit is de basis van alle netwerkontwikkeling. Het succes van deze drie initiatieven zit juist in het verbinden van de bronnen van vertrouwen in mensen (hun persoonlijke eigenschappen, gedrag en wereldbeeld) en in de organisatie (organisatiegedrag) van het lokale energie-initiatief. Daarnaast is de vraag welke rol technologie speelt in relatie tot vertrouwen in de ontwikkeling van lokale energie initiatieven. Juist omdat het hierbij om de ontwikkeling van de energie initiatieven gaat en omdat hierbij sprake is van netwerkontwikkeling is gekozen voor ANT. Dit biedt de mogelijkheid om technologie als actor mee te nemen in de analyse van de ontwikkeling van het (energie initiatief) netwerk. Belangrijke vragen hierbij zijn; welke mogelijkheden van non human actoren worden toegepast en welke randvoorwaarden horen daarbij, bijvoorbeeld in de vorm van vereiste gedragsverandering van human actoren. Het uitgangspunt in deze studie is de transitie van fossiele naar hernieuwbare energie. Fossiele energie heeft een grote energie dichtheid en leent zich daarom goed voor actoren in de vorm van bulk technologieën, bijvoorbeeld in centraal opgestelde energiecentrales. Energieopwekking geconcentreerd en op afstand werkt vervreemdend en past niet meer goed in de huidige maatschappij (afnemend vertrouwen). Hernieuwbare energie kan ook in bulk-vorm worden toegepast, bijvoorbeeld in centraal opgestelde concentrated solar power plants op plaatsen met grote zonintensiteit. Hernieuwbare energie wordt echter vooral geassocieerd met decentrale opwekking. De decentrale energie opwekeenheden kunnen in modulaire systemen worden samengevoegd, en daar hangen specifieke voordelen aan voor end-users: de gemakkelijke toegankelijkheid en het beschikbare end-use potential. Dit vereist natuurlijk wel dat in het netwerk een geïntegreerd modulaire systeem wordt ontwikkeld. Dit kan alleen in een collectief, waardoor de human actors gedwongen worden samen te werken. Drie belangrijke processen hierbij zijn: formation of technical identity, configurational work en community building. Deze drie processen spelen een rol in de verschillende fasen van de netwerkontwikkeling. Daarnaast kunnen de genoemde technische learning to rethink aspecten over het geheel van de netwerkontwikkeling worden onderscheiden. In alle drie de bestudeerde casussen gaat het om decentrale modulaire energie systemen waarbij de toegankelijkheid is geborgd, maar waarbij het end-use potential alleen bij SoS centraal staat. Het geheel overziend leidt tot de conclusie dat technologie in collectieve vorm human actors dwingt tot samenwerking en dat daarbij vertrouwen tussen de actoren voorwaardelijk is. In alle drie de bestudeerde casussen wordt dit onderkend; het samenwerkingsproces wordt centraal gesteld en alle actoren worden betrokken (“iedereen doet mee”). Het feit dat het end-use potential bij Terheijden en Warm in de wijk nu niet centraal staat kan op termijn negatief uitpakken voor het vertrouwen, vooral als blijkt dat het achteraf niet gemakkelijk te realiseren is (lock in). In het algemeen kan over techniek nog het volgende worden gezegd. De geschiedenis heeft geleerd hoe human actors effectief om kunnen gaan met de actor techniek. Een belangrijke activiteit daarbij is ordening/structuur aanbrengen, en dit kan in verband worden gezien met organisaties als bron van vertrouwen (regels en organisatie-gedrag). In systeemkundige termen gaat het om; grenzen stellen, afbakenen, denken in materie-, energie- en informatiestromen, onderscheiden van functionaliteiten, input, output, opslag, omzetten, verbinden en regelen/besturen. In alle drie de bestudeerde casussen wordt deze ordening zorgvuldig toegepast, wordt informatie hierover gedeeld met alle actoren en worden alle actoren voldoende betrokken bij de besluitvorming. Dit draagt het bij aan vertrouwen bij alle actoren. Nog één keer terug naar het begrip “ontwikkeling”: De drie bestudeerde casussen hebben een unieke dynamiek en horizon, dit wordt vooral door de aard van de techniek beïnvloed. Sos loopt ver vooruit op de huidige stand van de techniek (en regelgeving) en is vooral een ICT-technische uitdaging, Terheijden en Warm in de wijk lopen in de pas met de techniek, maar moeten met de schop in de grond in een bestaande situatie. De manier waarop de drie organisaties bijbehorende problemen onderkennen en hiermee omgaan is een voorbeeld van organisaties als bronnen van vertrouwen. In de conclusie zijn de drie casussen als praktijkvoorbeelden beschreven. In Terheijden gaat het over de ontwikkeling van een warmtenetwerk voor het gehele dorp. Het wordt gebaseerd op hernieuwbare bronnen in de directe omgeving. Voor de initiatiefnemers en de bewoners is het belangrijk om “het zelf te gaan doen”. In Warm in de wijk gaat het ook over de ontwikkeling van een warmtenet, maar in dit geval in een woonwijk in Den Haag. Leidend hier is het uitgangspunt van een “open warmtenet”. Er moet een scheiding worden aangebracht tussen netwerk en warmtebronnen. Bij SoS gaat het over de toekomst van ons elektriciteit systeem. Er is nog een lange weg te gaan, maar uiteindelijk moet dit resulteren in een “goed werkend democratisch energisysteem”. Deze drie voorbeelden kunnen andere energie initiatieven inspiratie bieden omdat het beschrijvingen zijn van de ontwikkeling gericht op vertrouwen in relatie tot de gekozen technologie.
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The aim of this paper is to design and test a smartphone application which supports personalized running experiences for less experienced runners. As a result of a multidisciplinary three-step design approach Inspirun was developed. Inspirun is a personalized running-application for Android smartphones that aims to fill the gap between running on your own (static) schedule, and having a personal trainer that accommodates the schedule to your needs and profile. With the use of GPS and Bluetooth heart rate monitor support, a user's progress gets tracked. The application adjusts the training schedule after each training session, motivating the runner without a real life coach. Results from three user studies are promising; participants were very satisfied with the personalized approach, both in the profiling and de adaptation of their training scheme.
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This deaf-led work critically explores Deaf Tech, challenging conventional understandings of technologies ‘for’ deaf people as merely assistive and accessible, since these understandings are predominantly embedded in medical and audist ideologies. By employing participatory speculative workshops, deaf participants from different European countries envisioned technologies on Eyeth - a mythical planet inhabited by deaf people - centered on their perspectives and curiosities. The results present a series of alternative socio-technical narratives that illustrate qualitative aspects of technologies desired by deaf people. This study advocates for expanding the scope of deaf technological landscapes, emphasizing the needs of establishing deaf-centered HCI, including the development of methods and concepts that truly prioritize deaf experiences in the design of technologies intended for their use.
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The EU Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (MSPD) requires the member states (MS) to pursue Blue Growth while ensuring good environmental status (GES) of sea areas. An ecosystem-based approach (EBA) should be used for the integration of the aims. However, the MSPD does not specify how the MS should arrange their MSP governance, which has led to a variety of governance arrangements and solutions in addressing the aims. We analysed the implementation of the MSPD in Finland, to identify conditions that may enable or constrain the integration of Blue Growth and GES in the framework of EBA. MSP in Finland is an expert-driven regionalized approach with a legally non-binding status. The results suggest that this MSP framework supports the implementation of EBA in MSP. Yet, unpredictability induced by the non-binding status of MSP, ambiguity of the aims of MSP and of the concept of EBA, and the need to pursue economic viability in the coastal municipalities may threaten the consistency of MSP in both spatial and temporal terms. Developing MSP towards a future-oriented adaptive and collaborative approach striving for social learning could improve the legitimacy of MSP and its capacity to combine Blue Growth and GES. The analysis indicates, that in the delivery of successful MSP adhering to the principles of EBA should permeate all levels of governance. The study turns attention to the legal status of MSP as a binding or non-binding planning instrument and the role the legal status plays in facilitating or constraining predictability and adaptability required in MSP.
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This is a critique of how designers deal with contending histories and multiple presents in design to speculate about socio-technical futures. The paper unpacks how embedded definitions and assumptions of temporality in current design tools contribute to coloniality in designed futures. As design practice becomes implicated in how oppression extends from physical systems to global digital platforms, our critique rejects the notion that it is only AI that needs fixing and it dissects the Futures Cone used in speculative design to make these issues visible. As an alternative, we offer a hauntological vocabulary to aid designers in reorienting their speculative tools and accommodating pluriversality in anticipatory futures. To illustrate the benefits of the proposed metaphors, we highlight examples of coloniality in digital spaces and emphasize the failure of speculative design to decolonize future imaginaries. Using points of reference from hauntology, those that engage with uncertain states of lingering or spectrality, and notions of nostalgia, absence, and anticipation, this paper contributes to rethinking the role that design tools play in colonizing future imaginaries, especially those pertaining to potentially disruptive technologies.
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Transitions in health care and the increasing pace at which technological innovations emerge, have led to new professional approach at the crossroads of health care and technology. In order to adequately deal with these transition processes and challenges before future professionals access the labour market, Fontys University of Applied Sciences is in a transition to combining education with interdisciplinary practice-based research. Fontys UAS is launching a new centre of expertise in Health Care and Technology, which is a new approach compared to existing educational structures. The new centre is presented as an example of how new initiatives in the field of education and research at the intersection of care and technology can be shaped.
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Background: A large number of people participate in individual or unorganized sports on a recreational level. Furthermore, many participants drop out because of injury or lowered motivation. Potentially, physical activity–related apps could motivate people during sport participation and help them to follow and maintain a healthy active lifestyle. It remains unclear what the quality of running, cycling, and walking apps is and how it can be assessed. Quality of these apps was defined as having a positive influence on participation in recreational sports. This information will show which features need to be assessed when rating physical activity–related app quality. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify expert perception on which features are important for the effectiveness of physical activity–related apps for participation in individual, recreational sports. Methods: Data were gathered via an expert panel approach using the nominal group technique. Two expert panels were organized to identify and rank app features relevant for sport participation. Experts were researchers or professionals in the field of industrial design and information technology (technology expert panel) and in the field of behavior change, health, and human movement sciences who had affinity with physical activity–related apps (health science expert panel). Of the 24 experts who were approached, 11 (46%) agreed to participate. Each panel session consisted of three consultation rounds. The 10 most important features per expert were collected. We calculated the frequency of the top 10 features and the mean importance score per feature (0-100). The sessions were taped and transcribed verbatim; a thematic analysis was conducted on the qualitative data. Results: In the technology expert panel, applied feedback and feedforward (91.3) and fun (91.3) were found most important (scale 0-100). Together with flexibility and look and feel, these features were mentioned most often (all n=4 [number of experts]; importance scores=41.3 and 43.8, respectively). The experts in the health science expert panels a and b found instructional feedback (95.0), motivating or challenging (95.0), peer rating and use (92.0), motivating feedback (91.3), and monitoring or statistics (91.0) most important. Most often ranked features were monitoring or statistics, motivating feedback, works good technically, tailoring starting point, fun, usability anticipating or context awareness, and privacy (all n=3-4 [number of experts]; importance scores=16.7-95.0). The qualitative analysis resulted in four overarching themes: (1) combination behavior change, technical, and design features needed; (2) extended feedback and tailoring is advised; (3) theoretical or evidence base as standard; and (4) entry requirements related to app use. Conclusions: The results show that a variety of features, including design, technical, and behavior change, are considered important for the effectiveness of physical activity–related apps by experts from different fields of expertise. These insights may assist in the development of an improved app rating scale.
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Copyright enforcement by private third parties – does it work uniformly across the EU? Since the inception of Napster, home copying of digital files has taken a flight. The first providers of software or infrastructure for the illegal exchange of files were held contributory or vicariously liable for copyright infringement. In response, they quickly diluted the chain of liability to such an extent that neither the software producers, nor the service providers could be held liable. Moving further down the communication chain, the rights holders are now requiring Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that provide access to end customers to help them with the enforcement of their rights. This article discusses case-law regarding the enforcement of copyright by Internet Access Providers throughout Europe. At first glance, copyright enforcement has been harmonised by means of a number of directives, and article 8(3) of the Copyright Directive (2001/29/EC) regulates that EU Member States must ensure the position of rights holders with regard to injunctions against ISPs. Problem solved? Case law from Denmark, Ireland, Belgium, Norway, England, The Netherlands, Austria and the Court of Justice of the EU was studied. In addition, the legal practice in Germany was examined. The period of time covered by case law is from 2003 to 2013, the case law gives insight into the differences that still exist after the implementation of the directive.
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