Mobility is also a social and economic need. The availability of transport options and the way they are offered may pose various challenges for the mobility of citizens. The biggest challenge is to avoid social and spatial inequalities in urban and also rural areas, which include preventing discrimination against vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. These barriers are not only financial or technical, but also come from political, social and institutional factors. How can mobility management improve access to mobility? How to improve transport links to contribute to combating social exclusion?
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The current multiple crisis require architects, designers, citymakers and stakeholders to re-think their approach to the city and territory, under the urge for a sustainable and inclusive future. While uncertainty and technocracy dominate, they also enable a open investigation and understanding of different future scenarios of spatial transformation. A revision of the term ‘adaptability’ promises to contribute to a new holistic approach.This paper presents the outputs of our current research project on adaptability at architectonic and urban level. It departs from the spatial disciplinary literature, and a large database of projects where this term plays a role implicitly or explicitly. We revisit theories and reposition them in the current unstable context. With this, we can enlarge the range of interactions and scales to approach simultaneously. Based on this, we propose new variables, and vocabularies in a framework for urban development beyond traditional confines.In fact, a new framework for the design of architectonic and urban space is articulated. It responds to different transformations of users’, usages’ and environmental conditions based on dimensions (scale, time, space), domains (social, economic, ecologic, climatic), adaptability ingredients (modularity, flexibility, interactivity, etc.), and resources (design by research, extreme scenario-thinking). We show them in action thought design projects conducted with students in the Netherlands and Belgium.We aim at generating holistic insights on the concept and methods of adaptability through some of the research and educational outcomes. Ultimately, we want to expand the mechanism of planning for an adaptive approach -from the building to the network, making lines of research, education and practice collide to address urgently needed changes.
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This paper seeks to highlight underlying issues of the tourism system that have led to tourism extremes of too much or too little tourism. Five phases are recognized that reflect different ways of dealing with too much tourism over time, after which the impact of a sudden lack of tourism is investigated in light of future renewal processes. This discussion highlights the remarkable capacity of the tourism industry to adjust to rapidly changing circumstances and crises, even when these cause anguish to individuals and within societies at large. The paper thus seeks to contextualize the current discussions regarding the transformation of tourism post COVID-19. It highlights the complexity of changing a tourism that multiple stakeholders depend on or have grown accustomed to. To come to a more balanced tourism, it is necessary to not only come up with alternative visions and strategies, but also to engage with the political economy nature of tourism development. A future research agenda should therefore also discuss facets of entangled power, social exclusion, inequalities and class differences to come to new reference points of what actually constitutes a more inclusive tourism success.
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